Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Value of Money - Essay Example It is based on the simple premise that â€Å"A penny in hand today is worth more than a penny in hand tomorrow†. This is on the basis of assumption that the money in hand today can be invested in various investment options which will increase the amount. Moreover, there is also an opportunity cost that is associated with the cash that is received later. This is the cost of the best foregone opportunity that could have been taken with the cash available (Econedlink.org, 2011). Cash received later can’t be used for any investment options present at the current time frame. The concept finds significant applications in the area of capital budgeting, lease versus buy decisions, accounts receivable analysis, financing arrangements, mergers and pension funding (Ross et.al., 2007, pg. 60). The concept of time value of money is used in every financial decision. This is done through two types of calculation. One includes calculating the present value of the cash that will be rece ived at a later stage while the other calculates the future value of the cash that is received now. One very important concept related to the time value of money is the Net Present Value (NPV). It is the sum of the present value of all the cash inflows minus the present value of its costs (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010, pg. 183). Net present finds usage in evaluating if the proposed projects shall be taken or not. If the net present value of the total project cash flows is negative, it should not be taken. The concept of the time value of money also finds application in evaluating the present value of various investment options such as bonds and stocks and identifying the best option to invest. 2. The formula for calculation of future value assuming that compound interest is given is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period (Bierman & Smidt, 2003, pf. 17). a.) Present Value = $15,000 n = 5 years r = 7% b.) Present Value = $19,500 n = 3 years r = 4% c.) Present Value =$ 29,900 n = 7 years r = 2% d.) Present Value = $14,200 n = 10 years r = 0.9% 3. The formula for the calculation of present value for a given future value assuming application of compound rate of interest is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period. a.) Future Value = $17,500 r = 4% n = 3 years b.) Future Value = $41,000 r = 5% n = 5 years c.) Future Value = $120,000 r = 12% n = 2 years d.) Future Value = $790,000 r = 1% n = 8 years 4. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The cash flow timeline looks like: Calculating the present value of the three future payments at the interest rate, r of 4% where, Present Value (Yi) is the present value of the cash received in year i The total present value is Thus the present value of the stream of annual payments is $519,497. 5. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The same is deposited into a bank account at the same time. The cash flow for the bank account w ill be: 6. Calculating the future value of the three payments at the end of third year at an interest rate of r = 2%, we get where Future Value (Yi) is the future value at the end of three years for the cash deposited in the bank account in year i. The total Future value at the end of three years is Thus, we can see that the amount in the bank account at the end of three years is $374,592 Conclusion We studied the importance of the concept of time value of money and calculated the same for different scenarios. The analysis enables us to

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay Example for Free

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay 1.1- Diversity means the difference between people and the values and beliefs that they have, there is lots of ways in which people differ, for example, ability, beliefs, race, religion, gender, culture, the differences in people are what makes an individual and as a care worker it is important to recognise these and respect their individuality to ensure that they feel valued and included, if I treated everyone the same or made assumptions or decisions for my service user’s or stereotyped people this would cause them to feel unvalued which would dent their self-esteem and more seriously would mean I was working in a discriminatory way and the service user would not have their needs met. It is very important to value diversity in individuals and work in ways that ensure that their needs, wishes and preferences are taken into account all of us as individuals have this right. By stereotyping individuals, this is the main cause of discrimination in which we, at times have a lack of understanding of differing cultures, beliefs, for example ‘all black people are drug dealers,’ ‘Jewish people are mean with money,’ ‘the Irish are thick,’ labelling and stereotyping is a form of being prejudice and media and television programmes can have a big influence on us all and the way we look at people and instantly make judgements, we are if completely honest guilty of doing this, but as a professional care-worker it is very important to challenge this behaviour and to value everyone’s choice, beliefs, cultures, not make assumptions because of the way they look, dress or their personal beliefs and cultures, it is important to respect their diversity and work in ways that respect their decisions and meet their needs even if they differ entirely from my own, spending time with individuals finding out how and where and when the y want my support, how they would like the support given, documenting their wishes is very important as this will ensure the individual feels valued, included, a care plan which is person-centred will give the best support to the individual and outcomes will be met. Read more: Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care  essay Equality is about everyone being equal and ensuring that their diversity is valued and individuals are given the same services and support wherever they are from, to promote equality it is important to find the correct level of care to ensure the individual can reach his/her goals in life and encourage them to reach them even if there is perceived disadvantages for them, individuals deserve the correct level of support to maintain and achieve their goals and can participate the same as someone who needs none or less support, by lifting the barriers this will enable the individual to feel valued and build self esteem and independence. Governments definition of social class allows them to determine what planning services are needed around the country, but there are many ways that social class is perceived, this could be lower class, middle class and upper class, how we determine this is by example: I would say individuals who have very well paid professional careers and live in affluen t area’s of the country with top of the range cars, who send their children to private schools are the upper class of our society, but individuals from lower class through education can move around the class system. These systems of social classes can cause at times inequality, individuals from the lower class can suffer from ill health and poverty which create many more social and economical factors for example: poor nutrition, mental health problems, infant and childhood deaths, heart disease, diabetes. Gender, disability and age can also be causes of inequality, this can be made worse if poverty is a factor particularly in the elderly who live on low income, over 30% of the elderly who are entitled to pension credits do not claim it and this in turn means that they live in severe deprivation, poverty and socio-economic deprivation are the leading causes of inequality in the united kingdom and is made worse by attitudes for example, racism, sexism and discrimination against people with disabilities. inclusion is about equal opportunities for individuals, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background, feeling respected, feeling a sense of belonging, being valued for who you a re. 1.2 The possible effects of discrimination can be very serious and can affect an individuals self-esteem and can reduce their ability to maintain their self belief and identity, being discriminatory because of their, for example sex, age, disability, colour of their skin, religion, can and will have a detrimental affect on a persons well-being and causing the individual to feel, angry, humiliated, depressed, low self esteem, worthless and unvalued. To eliminate the above as a care worker I should always strive to work in a anti-discriminatory way and respect a person and their choices whatever they are, respect their diversity as an individual, some examples of this would be to work to a person centred approach to ensure that the individuals needs, wishes and preferences are met, this could be cultural meal choices, ensuring language barriers are supported, not ignoring a person because of their differences, treating everyone equally, challenge discriminatory behaviour in my workplace, respect diversity of individuals and not push my own views on them. 1.3 Inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity of the individual, if we as care workers ensure that the individuals needs are met and ensuring that no barriers are there that would mean that they could not feel included and made to feel worthless. By understanding the individuals needs and what needs to be implemented for them to fully participate is important, this could be ‘a fully working hearing aid, good lighting, wheelchair, flash cards. Also being aware of any changes in the individuals overall health and recognising that at times extra support may be needed so they can still be included and fulfil an active life, mentally, physically and emotionally and ensure these are implemented. Question 2 2.1 2.2 2.1There are many legislations and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination in my work role. It is my responsibility to adhere to these legislations and follow also my organisational policies and procedures relating to the above, my responsibility is about protecting and improving and not infringing rights of others, by dis-regarding a persons choice, entitlement is an infringement of their rights, so it is vitally important as a care worker to have the correct balance of rights and responsibilities. There are rights that do not have the force of law, these are rights under national standards, codes of practice, guidelines and policies, they are enforceable within social care and will help to improve the quality of services that individuals receive. National Minimum Standards England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, have their own individual body and they are responsible for inspecting social care facilities to ensure that they are complying with the National Minimum Standards, they are: The Quality Care Commission in England, Care Commission in Scotland, The Care and Social Service Inspectorate in Wales and The Regulations Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland, all these bodies will have there minimum standards to inspect the quality of care, there will be different standards for different types of services for example, one set of standards would be for a care home for the older adult and different set for young people or a children’s home, also these organisations would have policies in place to outline what services and support that the individuals using these can expect to receive. All these regulatory bodies in the UK have codes of practice for both employers in social care and also their employees, it is my responsibility to promote and protect the individuals rights and their interests and maintain them so they feel valued, respected, included, they will feel have control over their own lives, respect for equal opportunities, diversity and always maintain dignity and privacy. It is also my responsibility to promote their independence and also to protect them from danger or harm, also recognise that at times they have a right to take risks, so ensure risk assessments are in place to try minimise this and all the people involved in the care of the individual that need to know are aware. Maintain trust and confidence of the individual and others, building trust and never exploiting an individual, showing any discrimination towards them, keep a professional relationship at all times, not take any unnecessary risks, keeping confidentiality, not accepting gifts, effective communication skills, declaring conflicts of interests, challenge discriminatory behaviours, being accountable for my own development, attending training courses, pin pointing where additional training will be needed, report any unsafe practice, follow regulations. Maintain rights of individuals and empower them to use them. There are also responsibilities of the employer to adhere to which are employers must ensure that individuals who are in their social care setting know their roles and responsibilities, employers must have written policies and procedures so that employees reach and meet the codes of practice for social care workers this will include area’s on risk assessment, confidentiality, keep records, equal opportunities, acceptance of gifts and substance abuse, also the employer will and should provide supervision, effective management systems, systems to report inadequate resources, training and support to enable the employees to meet the standards of the code of practice criteria’s. Employers must provide training for employees, ongoing supervision and development meetings, respond to employees who are finding any difficulties and provide support, support employees to acetane eligibility criteria’s. Employers also have a responsibility to ensure that they put in place written policies and procedures to deal with discriminatory, dangerous or exploitive behaviours and practice, policies and procedures also must be written for the following equal opportunities, minimising risks of violent and managing violent incidents, bullying, harassment and discrimination, support networks for employees who experience any violence, trauma, bullying and harassment, and also support in connection with health needs. 2.1 Employers have a responsibility to promote the codes of practice for social care workers, service user’s and primary carers and co-operate with the councils proceedings for example, informing workers of the code, co-operate with any investigations, use the code to assist in any decisions that need to be made, inform social care user’s and also to report any misconduct to the council. By adhering as an employee to the codes of practice this will ensure that care will be delivered in the highest possible quality and will ensure the service user is valued, their rights have not be infringed in any way, it will promote their independence, the care they are given is person-centred, dignity and respect is promoted, the care they are given is confidential, diversity is promoted and they have the correct level of support that will maintain that they have control over their own lives. It is also important to understand the balance between rights and responsibilities as one service user who is exercising their rights may on some occasions restrict the rights of others, for example, a care home who does not take into account cultural diets or free speech of one individual who is communicating discriminatory behaviours which will infringe on another individuals rights to be respected and valued it is racist and discriminatory and un-acceptable and is not justified on any level, individuals have the right to be different and it is my responsibility to respect their diversity, individuals have a right to choice over how they live their life, diet and routines, dignity and respect should always be maintained, people have a right to feel safe and secure and not feel threatened in any way, individuals have a right to take risks, choice in order to maintain the individuals identity and its my responsibility not to impose unnecessary risk or put the individual at any risk d anger or harm. Human Rights Act came into force on 2/10/2000, this act applies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, individuals are entitled to seek help from the courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed, it is my responsibility to work within the provisions of the Human Rights Act which for example guarantee the rights to: life, freedom from slavery, liberty and security of the individual, freedom from torture, a fair and public trial, respect for private and family life, home and correspondence, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, marry and found a family, access to education, free elections, not to be subjected to the death penalty. Legislation about equality and rights are: All these Acts and Regulations have been superseded by a single Equality Act 2010 and covers all the previous legislations and gives individuals more protection and includes all older people and also protection for individuals not to be discriminated against on the grounds of sexual orientation, a few of the points of the act are as follows:- Protection against direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation in services and public functions, premises, work, education, associations and transport. Applying the detriment model to victimisation protection(aligning with the approach in employment law) Introducing a new concept of discrimination arising from disability. This act will give protection to individuals on rights, equality and diversity and maintain that individuals are respected and given choice 2.2 As a care worker it is vitally important to respect the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of all the individuals I support, the ways that I can do this is to set myself a high standard of working which takes all individuals choices into account and respect these and impose my own preferences on the individual, recognising my own prejudices however hard this may seem is important as these are a result of my own values and beliefs and can create conflicts in the working environment, it is important to seek advice and speak with my supervisor if I feel I will struggle with any issues in the work setting, being professional and understanding that we are all different and we have a right to be cared for which respects diversity will ensure individuals feel valued even if this care is not what I think is best for them because of my own beliefs and what I think is better for the person, I must ensure that the individuals I support feel valued and respected and not discriminated a gainst in any way, individuals need to make choices about how they wish to live their lives, having the correct balance is vitally important it will give the individual empowerment to make these choices which exercise their rights, feel valued and build self-esteem. What also is very important is to never tolerate any discriminatory behaviours in the workplace and I should always challenge these behaviours at every level and report these concerns to my manager immediately, my workplace policies and procedures need to be adhered too which will have procedures in place that respect diversity are acknowledged and respected and these must be followed, the types of behaviours that are unacceptable for example: meal choices that does not cater for cultural preferences, not respecting individuality, removing individuals choice to make their own informed decisions, not maintaining independence for the service user, not showing empathy and giving dignity and respect. Question 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.1 As a care worker it is important to recognise that individuals have a right to be supported in ways that will ensure that they are valued, respected and are included and also that their diversity is valued and are treated equally, individuals have a right to participate in everyday life and activities as independently as possible, the support they receive should be person-centred which will maintain they have the correct level of support and promotes choice of the individual and access to other services that may be needed so the individual can achieve their best potential and will build self-esteem, I must be as a care worker flexible in the support that I give as support can change, so it is my responsibility to be aware of changes so correct levels of support is still to be given that maintains the individual is at the centre of any changes and decisions to be made and their choice, wishes and preferences are maintained. Care and support should be given to the individuals in the ways that they require and not to suit the establishment that I work in, social support services have changed dramatically over recent years as personalisation agenda’s is ensuring choice and control are firmly in the hands of the service user’s using care support services, direct payments and individual budgets are widely used today which will give service user’s control over, how, when and who gives them support. The impact of powerlessness is detrimental to service user’s as this will contribute to their self-esteem and how valued that they will feel, as human beings we all like to feel valued and for others to understand and respect who we are, also to respect the choices and the way we live, if this was taken away from us or service user’s they would feel un-valued and would have negative effects on their well being behaviours and confidences, also would have impact on their independence and control over their own life which in turn would make the individual more dependent , they also could then in turn have low self-esteem and feel useless and depressed. Individuals who feel confident and happy, valued and loved will be far more enthusiastic to participate and try to do as much for themselves as possible. 3.2 At one time individuals were told the level of care they can receive, how it would be given and the times they would receive it, in 2005 the White Paper Our Health, our care and a further policy Putting people first in 2007 changed the way care was given and is still to date developing, it is essential that control is given to the individuals, once assessments have been made and a budget given to the individual they can decide the amount and type of care they wish for and also they can choose to have the carer they want. 3.3Thier could be times when supporting an individual, that I identify a persons rights but they are unable to exercise their right through either physical or mental barriers, it is my responsibility as a care worker to recognise this and access further assistance or information, this could be for example: involve an advocate who will argue a case for another person, they will try to understand the individuals perspective and argues their case, my own organisation will have procedures in place that will assist me in gaining the services of people who will act as advocates for them. It may also arise that I will need to support an individual in a more informal way this could be for example ‘A day centre that is not fulfilling a cultural need of an individual’ it is my responsibility to challenge this with the manager and ensure that this will be corrected immediately and the individuals cultural needs are being met. It is important to ensure that I provide support that will encourage the individual to take control and make their own choices and decisions that will enable them maximum participation in every aspect of their lives and if possible make their own decisions and only put the support in on the gaps that the cannot possibly do for themselves. if I witnessed a discriminatory incident I would address the situation by reporting it to my manager and recording it immediately. By doing this it is more likely to be dealt with in the appropriate manner If I overheard someone making a discriminatory remark or not promoting equality or valuing diversity I would challenge them in a calm and professional way and tell them that what they were saying or doing, is unacceptable and explain why. I could also add that I am upset and offended by their discriminatory words and actions and that it is unlawful. In a work setting, discrimination can be a disciplinary matter and policies and procedures are in place to deal with this. I could actively challenge discrimination by acting as a role model for positive behaviour and by empowering people to challenge discrimination themselves. Discrimination usually occurs through ignorance. By making a person aware of the facts it will educate them and hopefully change their opinions and actions in the future.

Pentecostalism :: Religion, Informative

Pentecostalism The first "pentecostals" in the modern sense appeared on the scene in 1901 in the city of Topeka, Kansas in a Bible school conducted by Charles Fox Parham, a holiness teacher and former Methodist pastor. In spite of controversy over the origins and timing of Parham's emphasis on glossolalia, all historians agree that the movement began during the first days of 1901 just as the world entered the Twentieth Century. The first person to be baptized in the Holy Spirit accompanied by speaking in tongues was Agnes Ozman, one of Parham's Bible School students, who spoke in tongues on the very first day of the new century, January 1, 1901. According to J. Roswell Flower, the founding Secretary of the Assemblies of God, Ozman's experience was the "touch felt round the world," an event which " made the Pentecostal Movement of the Twentieth Century." As a result of this Topeka pentecost, Parham formulated the doctrine that tongue was the "Bible evidence" of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. He also taught that tongue was a supernatural impartation of human languages for the purpose of world evangelization. Henceforth, he taught, missionaries need not study foreign languages since they would be able to preach in miraculous tongues all over the world. Armed with this new theology, Parham founded a church movement, which he called the "Apostolic Faith" and began a whirlwind revival tour of the American Middle West to promote his exciting new experience. It was not until 1906, however, that Pentecostalism achieved worldwide attention through the Azusa Street revival in

Gender Roles and the Perception of Women Essay

There was a time that having a daughter born to a family evoked more pity than congratulations from the community. Sons were valued more for they were viewed to bring practical help towards augmenting the family income through physical labor, as well as ensuring that the family name lives on with his progeny. (â€Å"Feminism†) Daughters were valued only for the potential honor they could bring the family with a good marriage. In olden days, a good marriage was not necessarily defined by the couple’s happiness but rather was deemed as such if both families stand to benefit from the union. Usually benefits would be measured in wealth, alliance or business. Marriages then were basically â€Å"mergers. † Women were not expected to accomplish anything other than the mastery of domestic duties and union with a suitable husband. After marriage, the only duties that a woman is supposed to fulfill are to look after the needs of her husband and give birth to as many children as possible with preference to the birthing of sons. The 1920’s and 30’s saw a wave of feminism that sought to overturn the traditional gender role assigned to women. They viewed patriarchy as oppressive to women and advanced the thinking that women are complements of males and therefore should be treated as equals. The 1920’s also saw a major victory for women in the United States with the passage of a law that allowed for women’s suffrage. (â€Å"Feminism†) The Second World War in the 1940’s also provided women with the opportunity to prove their worth outside their duties as homemakers. They started signing up as army nurses, members of women’s corps and workers in factories that provided supplies and ammunition to the â€Å"boys overseas. † Even with this however, women still experienced discrimination at the hands of employers who believed that it was the men’s role to earn money for their families. Those that were hired still had to face inequality in wages as their work were deemed easier compared to the men’s. (Acker 46) It has continually been an uphill climb for women in the assertion of their rights and the fight for identity and equality. Despite the many progresses made by women since the olden days, some cultures still place more premium on males. Sandra Cisneros’ account (Kirszner, 96-99) of being and born and living in a traditional, patriarchal society in the 1950’s show that even with the many new freedoms and rights accorded to women, their roles were still defined by marriage and domestic duties. â€Å"What I didn’t realize was that my father thought college was good for girls –good for finding a husband. After four years of college and two more in graduate school, and still no husband, my father shakes his head even now and says I wasted all that education. † (Kirszner 97) The selection further goes on to relate the attempts made by Cisneros in getting her father to acknowledge her achievements and herself as more than â€Å"only a daughter. † She wanted to BE his daughter in every sense of the word and enjoy the same pride her father has in her brothers’ achievements. I often witness the â€Å"hunch posture,† from women after dark on the warrenlike streets of Brooklyn where I live. They seem to set their faces on neutral and, with their purse straps strung across their chests bandolier style, they forge ahead as though bracing themselves against being tackled. (Kirszner 242) In Brent Staples’ observations in the â€Å"Black Man effect† in altering a public space (Kirszner 240), he presents the image of a woman who is determined to move forward yet remains aware of the possible challenges to her progress. While in the story the context women is defined in is couched in terms of potential threat from street violence and crimes, one could almost picture the same description as applicable to the grim and set determination of the feminists who steadfastly battles for women’s rights and progress. It has been many years since women achieved a major victory in suffrage and set about to establishing their identity in society. Yet in some cases, there seem to be some women who remain oblivious or at least, not benefited by the new stature and rights women have been able to claim through years of struggle with a male-dominated society. In Anna Deavere Smith’s â€Å"Four American Characters† monologue (2005) she shares a conversation she had with an elderly philosopher friend she had, Maxine Green. In the conversation, Smith asked Green:† What are two things that you don’t know and still want to know? † Green replies: â€Å"Personally I still feel that I have to curtsy when I see the president of our University and I feel that I ought to get coffee for my male colleagues even though I’ve outlived most of them. † Smith follows this up with the characterization of Maryland convict Paulette Jenkins. Paulette Jenkins represents the women in abusive relationship who suffer in silence. She never spoke out because she didn’t want people to know that there was something wrong with her family. She took her husband’s abuse and allowed him to do the same to her children†¦children that she had in the belief that it would soften her husband. What would make a man do such a thing? At the same time, what would make a woman stand by helplessly as her husband beats up her children and herself? Conflict in relationships between men and women are believed to stem from four main reasons: men’s jealousy, men’s expectation of women and domestic work, men’s sense of â€Å"right† to â€Å"punish† their women, and the importance to men of asserting and keeping their authority. Women on the other hand, are kept silent due to feelings of shame and responsibility (Dobash, and Dobash 4). More often than not, the women feel that they deserved whatever the husband did to them. This acquiescence may be due to their cultural orientation of women as subservient wives. Upbringing and cultural orientation can do much to influence a person’s understanding and acceptance of gender roles. (Dobash, and Dobash 4) However, there is always the freedom of choice and personal introspection, which should allow individuals to reason out right and wrong and the applicability and rationale of traditions for themselves. The case of Sandra Cisneros is the perfect illustration of this. Despite being brought up in a highly patriarchal household and culture, she chose to follow her own desire and achieve in her own right. In the end, she managed to earn her father’s respect and acknowledgment that she, as a woman, can accomplish and gain honor and pride for the family. Regardless of background, doctrine or culture, everyone, man and woman, has that same choice in choosing how their manhood or womanhood will be defined in their lives. Works Cited Acker, Joan. â€Å"What Happened to the Women’s Movement? -An Exchange. † Monthly Review Oct. 2001: 46. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . â€Å"Feminism. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Dobash, R. Emerson, and Russell P. Dobash. Women, Violence, and Social Change. New York: Routledge, 1992. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Kirszner, Laurie. Patterns for College Writing 10th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2006. Mcneill, William H. â€Å"Violence & Submission in the Human Past. † Daedalus 136. 1 (2007): 5+. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Smith, Anna Deveare. Four American Characters. 2005 TED. com. 27 Sept 2007 < http://www. ted. com/index. php/talks/view/id/60>

Research on Premarital Sex Essay

Premarital sex is sexual intercourse engaged in by persons who are unmarried. It is generally used in reference to individuals who are presumed not yet of marriageable age or between adults who will presumably marry eventually, but who are engaging in sexual activity prior to marriage (Wikipedia, 2009). Premarital Sex is so common nowadays because of the messages we receive from most TV shows and movies that tells us â€Å"everyone is doing it†. So, is it okay to engage in premarital sex? That is the common question among teens and engaged couples but then again, there are a lot of factors to consider – Is it moral? Is it safe physically and emotionally? What are the causes and effects of premarital sex? What are the teachings of the Church regarding the issue? Is it moral? Morality is such a big factor to consider when deciding whether or not to have premarital sex. The Bible refers to premarital sex as fornication. Fornication is sexual intercourse between people who are not married to each other (Premarital Sex, 2009). According to the Bible there is a distinction between premarital sex and adultery. â€Å"Adultery involves married persons while premarital sex involves those who are unmarried. Premarital Sex is just as much as sin as adultery and all other forms of sexual immortality. They all involve having sexual relations with someone you are not married to† (Premarital Sex, 2009). Is it physically and emotionally safe? Read more:  Essay on Causes of Premarital Sex People don’t usually consider the physical and emotional effects of premarital sex. Safety is one thing that should be given a careful thought. Condoms could not totally reduce the risk of getting AIDS caused by the HIV virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. â€Å"Sex is an emotional experience and it affects our lives in ways we don’t understand.† (Premarital Sex, 2009) After giving favorable attention or interest to premarital sex, people usually develop feelings of guilt, disturbance, doubt, resentment, lack of respect, tension, low self-esteem, and other unnecessary emotional pain. What are the causes and effects of premarital sex? People engage in premarital sex for different reasons. Teens usually do this because of peer pressure. They wanted to belong and be accepted by their group. Engaged couples on the other hand commits premarital sex because they are hoping for pleasure and the fulfillment of their sexual desires while others do this because of the hope that this might bring them intimacy. The horrible effects of these short-lived reasons are sexually transmitted diseases, early marriage, unwanted pregnancies, abortions, placing a child for adoption and unnecessary feelings like emptiness and unfulfillment. Rarely does a premarital sexual relationship stay together long enough to make it to marriage vows. People engaging in this activity will experience the heart rending emotional upset that comes with breaking up, and when people experience multiple break-ups it numbs them. They have conditioned themselves to run, instead of working out the problems that arises within marriages. â€Å"Divorce statistics are higher when the couple engaged in premarital sex or lived together before deciding to marry.† (Sex beforemarriage, 2009) What are the teachings of the Church regarding the issue? According to the Bible, abstinence is God’s only policy when it comes to premarital sex. â€Å"Abstinence saves lives, protects babies, gives sexual relations to proper value, and most importantly abstinence honors God† (Premarital Sex, 2009).As mentioned above, The Bible refers to premarital sex as fornication. The Bible explains, â€Å"†¦The body is not meant for sexual immortality, but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body† (1 Corinthians 6:13). Galatians 5:19 talks about the same thing, â€Å"The acts of the sinful nature are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ephesians 5:3 says â€Å"But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper for God’s holy people.† These verses show that the Bible encourages complete and total abstinence from premarital sex. According to Vogt J. & S., (2009), â€Å"The Church calls single people to chastity because human sexual expression carries with it the power of intimate union and of creating new life. It’s not to be taken lightly. If a man and woman aren’t committed to each other for the long haul, the bond created by their sexual union isn’t a total gift of self and is thus conditional.† In context, Hansen H.R. says that sex should be a sacred expression of love between a husband and wife and that both men and women should abstain from sexual activity until their marriage. It teaches that sex before marriage is an expression of lust, not love, and admonishes its members not to participate in it or in any other kinds of activities that excite sexual desires. Pope John Paul II spoke extensively about the holiness of our bodies and the meaning of sexual intimacy in his â€Å"Theology of the Body† lectures. Theologian Mary Shivanadansums up his thinking: â€Å"The b ody constitutes an expression of the entire person and thus calls us to responsibility† ( The Living Light , Spring 2001). This is a sexual responsibility for married couples as well as for single men and women. Premarital Sex is often seen as a recreation. People look at it in a shallow way that they only see sex as something that gives pleasure. Sex was designed for married couples to enjoy the pleasure and excitement of sexual relations (Premarital Sex, 2009). â€Å"The primary purpose of sex is not recreation but rather for reproduction. Sex is meant to be a spiritual experience that extends past the marriage bed into the everyday life of a married couple. It locks the couple together in the purpose that God has set before them which is to procreate† (Sex before marriage, 2009).5 I have conducted interviews regarding my topic, Premarital Sex. I asked people what is their own definition of premarital sex, and the causes and effects of it. â€Å"Premarital Sex is the contact of a man and woman without the blessing of the Church. Teenagers engage in such because they want to forget their problems. Also, they are not guided by their parents. Early marriage and early pregnancy are the effects of premarital sex.† Alona Sace, 30. â€Å"Sex prior to marriage. It is caused by extensive curiosity, and natural instincts. The effects include sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted child birth.† ,Liezel Solas, 22. â€Å"The engagement to pre-marital sex is completely immoral because it’s not blessed by the church, it would disrespect and disobey the law of the church which takes hold to the sanctity of marriage. Premarital sex, is the engagement of two human beings without putting God in the center, it was done out of lust and dirt. It takes away the freedom of each individual. Causes of premarital sex are the lack of the right education on the consequences of premarital union. People engaging themselves were innocent on the outcome and danger that may happen, rebellion to the parents is also a cause and in every cause of a mistake there is an effect that follows. An accident pregnancy or the pregnancy which was not even planned a mistake. An early marriage will also happen wherein both parties ar en’t ready.† Rev. Fr. Jojie Mangui. â€Å"Nowadays, premarital sex is just a trend that is already acceptable. It’s quite normal for people to actually do it no matter what age, or what state in life you have. For me, why give your virginity after marriage, if it will result to break up. Sex is sex, satisfaction guaranteed. If you do it and your partner gets pregnant, there would always be ways. As long as you want to live, you’ll always have reasons to live. â€Å"pavirgin† is not IN nowadays. The common causes why people engage in premarital sex are lack of confidence, women allow themselves to engage with different men because they feel accepted, an, they simply want to try it, feel it, and taste it. In effect, they become immoral, unaccepted by the society and this would also affect the growth of population. And what’s worse is that premarital sex may also lead to death. Not all people who engage in premarital sex are ready to have a baby, so they tend to abort it and completely destroy their lives. † Bethjoven Arenas, 22. â€Å"Premarital Sex for me is okay. Sexual preferences and compatibilities are considered when you are looking for a lifetime partner. It differs from person to person. If you and your partner have different sexual needs and preference, do you think you would create a lifetime of sexual happiness? Or would you live happily ever after? I guess not. I think it is okay to make sure rather than to regret it afterwards.† Criselda Guevarra,31. Summary Premarital Sex is not just about being immoral, but it certainly has risks involved. It is not physically and emotionally safe, plus it has long-term effects that could turn people’s lives upside down. The Church is also against it because it destroys the sanctity of marriage. Staying clean until marriage is the right thing to do if people wish to find a good person as a lifetime partner. The Bible has a word to describe ‘SAFE’ sex: it’s called marriage. Conclusion Premarital sex has no moral grounds, it is against God, and it is unsafe physically and emotionally. Although sex is pleasurable, it is designed by God to be enjoyed by two married people. Bibliography http://www.allaboutworldview.org/premarital-sex-2.htm http://www.allaboutworldview.org/premarital-sex.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premarital_sex

The Suez Canal Crisis & Canada essays

The Suez Canal Crisis & Canada essays ?The Suez crisis was a conflict that could have easily turned into a third World War. With a battle between the Israelis and Egyptians at Sinai, the British and French invasion of Egypt, and nuclear threats from the Soviet Union, all of the elements were present to escalate the conflict and pull other countries into the fray. Canada had no direct ties to the Suez crisis, in terms of control or economic interest. However, Canadian Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Lester B. Pearson, persuaded the UN General Assembly to send in the United Nations Emergency Force. Even though Lester B. Pearson dismayed the Commonwealth with his measures for peace, Canada was recognized for starting the first ever United Nations Peacekeeping mission. In the 1950's the Middle East was affected by four different conflicts; each one separate, but relating in many ways. The first was the rush for geopolitical dominance between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Middle East was one of the regions that were disputed. The second confrontation was between a various Arabian nationalists against the two residual Imperial powers of Britain and France. The third was the ongoing Arab-Israeli dispute, and the fourth was the push by many Arab nations for the control of the Arab world. The tension over the Suez Canal began long before the actual combat. These four conflicts all came into focus during the Suez Canal crisis. Long before the Second World War, Britain saw a bright economic future for the Middle East, mostly due to its valuable oil reserves. The Canal was a vital trade route in the eastern world, as cargo ships could pass though the Suez, from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, without circumnavigating Africa. The Suez Canal's geo-strategic importance during the Cold War prompted Britain to strengthen its position there. However, it became a topic of controversy in the English and Egyptian relations. On June 23, 1...

School Kills Creativity Essays

School Kills Creativity Essays School Kills Creativity Essay School Kills Creativity Essay Every child is an artist; the problem is staying an artist when you grow up. Is it really true that most schools nowadays follow an educational system that discourages students from showing or developing the skills hidden inside them? Even if schools allow the establishment of organizations or clubs, those groups do not get as much support as they need. The educational system we follow focuses too much attention on molding students into becoming academic zombies while leaving no regard for their creative competitiveness. Try going for a trip around he world and witness how the same the hierarchy of subjects are in almost every country. Most countries value mathematics and language, while humanities and arts lie at the bottom. Universities designed a system wherein academics dominate our view of intelligence and the system of education in the elementary and secondary level is patterned with the requirements for university entrance. A lot of talented and skillful children do not realize that there is something special hidden and undeveloped inside them. A childs creative side could be manifested in many ways like music, arts, sports, and so on. Joining clubs or organizations is one way to nurture a childs inborn skills. Our educational system includes MAPLE in the curriculum in order to develop the students multiple intelligences but these subjects are only regarded as the minor ones. Most students do not give enough attention to these subjects because they are already tied up with Math, Science, History and so on. School administrators believe that doing things like singing, dancing, drawing and other extracurricular activities would not get us a Job, even some parents believe that. But the truth is that knowing your countrys history, solving every mathematical robber presented to you and memorizing the periodic table would not land you into a Job either. Though academic competence could get you accepted in a top university where you could get a degree, colleges also look into the childs potentials, those potentials that could be used in making their community productive. Educators should not only focus in molding the students into becoming academic stereotypes and set aside their inborn capabilities. An educational institution should give way for the students creative part so that their minds are not the only ones nurtured but also their souls. In doing this, they have to give equal regard for each subject taught in the institution and give adequate support to the established organization and clubs. The things we acquire from the years spent studying would equip us with the right knowledge to accomplish the responsibilities that will come with the career we have chosen, but in finding the right approach on how to do it lies with the ability to make creative decisions in order to accomplish the Job smoothly. We have to strike a balance between academics and extracurricular activities in order to get through life. School Kills Creativity By snapdragons

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work It always pays to be a nice person. Almost always. Some people who are genuinely (or un-genuinely) â€Å"too nice† are less likely to be taken seriously, and less likely to stand up for themselves or others- even in cases where such action would be just. Perhaps you’ve also heard the phrase â€Å"nice guys finish last.† While that’s not necessarily true, there are certain situations in which you should curb the niceties and just concentrate on effective communication. Here are a few reason to keep in mind.1. Give, Give, Give, and Never GetIf you consistently give more than you’re asked, and take very little in return, rather than be lauded for your generosity, people will start to get accustomed to this being the pattern. You’ll get none of the thanks and you may even come to resent the imbalance.2. Quid Pro QuoIf you up your niceness level too much, you might find yourself expecting a similar level of niceness out of everyone around you. Whe n this fails to materialize, you might grow a little peeved.3. You’ll Be Like an ATMPeople will start coming to you only when they need something, which can be extremely alienating. You’ll feel like a doormat- like you’ve become a tool to help others succeed, while achieving very little for yourself. You may even attract needy people, like a magnet.4. You’ll Project WeaknessYou might be perceived as weak, particularly if you never say no to anyone. If you’re always doing favors and putting others first, people will not only come to take advantage of you, they will also just assume you have no control over what you will and won’t agree to. They might come to mistrust you for this.5. You Won’t Take Care of YourselfSometimes it’s important to say â€Å"no† to others so you can say â€Å"yes† to yourself. Remember self care? Yeah, that’s not just something you make sure others do to reach their ideal fulfillmen t. No one can make sure you’re taken care of but you. And if you aren’t getting your own needs met, you might become needy in return with your friends or family.6. You’ll Seem InauthenticIf you just automatically are generous and nice and kind, then it might not seem like true generosity, niceness, or kindness. Make sure that when you’re being super nice or going above and beyond that you really mean it. Be friendly when it’s deserved. Pick up slack when it’s equitable to do so, not just an expectation.7. You Won’t ContributeConstructive criticism is extremely important, between  both friends and colleagues. If you’re so nice that you’re reluctant to give anything but praise, then chances are you’re letting people down. Focus more on helping the team succeed, rather than on being well-liked- and too nice to give honest feedback.

Green Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Green Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Green et al (2008) have described supply chain management as integration and coordination of strategy alignments such as responsiveness, customer focus, quality, efficiency etc and business processes such as purchasing raw material, manufacturing product, logistics, marketing and (IS) or information system in the supply chain with an intention of satisfying purpose of end users. Zelbst et al (2010) have found that, activities throughout the supply chain causes environment pollution but if organizations manage its supply chain activities then it will not only decrease environmental pollution but also help the organization to decrease costs related to fuel fed transportation system which is an integrated part of supply chain management. Vachon and Klassen (2007) have found that environment sustainability is more of supply chain imperative in contrast to organizational imperative. Green et al (2008) have raised question over the holistic nature of the term â€Å"sustainable supply chai n management† and stated that, it is necessary for every supply chain partner to act responsively otherwise it is not possible to design a sustainable supply chain framework. In such context, Vasileiou and Morris (2006) have stated that green supply chain or sustainable supply is the environment friendly version of supply chain activities, for example, in the green supply chain; products are manufactured through environment friendly manner, transported through environment friendly vehicles and stored in environment friendly manner. Research scholars have argued that, manufacturing companies were forced to think about a greener supply chain management due to increasing pressure of governmental environmental regulations. It is evident from the above discussion that green supply chain is highly debatable topic among research scholars; hence study will dig deep on the topic by reviewing the existing literature on green supply chain and find how companies can improve their green su pply chain management. Any discussion on green supply chain will be incomplete without defining or understanding core elements of green supply chain management, hence in the next section the study will try define the concept of green supply chain management. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) According to Handfield and Nichols (2002, p.8), â€Å"Supply chain management is an integrated management system of supply chain organisations and activities through cooperative organisational relationships, business processes, and high levels of information sharing systems that provide member organisations a sustainable competitive advantage.† In such context, Van Hoek (2002) has pointed out that organizations need to work on improving social and environmental benefits for its value chain partners, which means organizations, need to implement greener technology in order to decrease carbon emission in the value chain. Organizations need to think about environmental impact of the supply chain on consumers, for example, fuel fed transportation between supplier and the consumer not only creates negative impact on the environment but also increases cost for customers. Zhu et al. (2008, p. 262) have given a holistic definition of GSCM by taking account the concept of value chain, â€Å"green purchasing to integrated life-cycle management of supply chains flowing from supplier, through to manufacturer, customer, and closing the loop with reverse logistics.†

The Year of Living Dangerously - Vision Can Be a Model for Knowledge Essay

The Year of Living Dangerously - Vision Can Be a Model for Knowledge - Essay Example The symbol comes through Billy helping Guy to see. Guy internalizes traditions of the west as a way of objectifying and distancing the virtue of knowledge when he says, "I gave her to you, and now I'm taking her back (Gibson 16)". By defining self in the opposition context, Guy develops a primary demeanor and attitude of disagreement. The guy makes it clear from the start that there is no way he will involve himself in ensuing affairs. However, Billy takes the initiative of going parallel in a connective and paradoxical manner in exploring the function of vision. Billy associates vision with empathy, commitment, and contact. Billy replaces communion in likeness Guy’s opposition via difference. In his view, Billy wants the verb ‘to see’ remain synonymous with ‘feeling’ as a verb. This is different from other parts of the world as â€Å"Algonquian Indian languages do not have tenses (not that they cannot express time if they wish), but rather have "ani mate" and "inanimate" verb forms, so they automatically think in terms of whether things around them have a life essence or not.† Billy makes effort to visualize the real Djakarta that covers thousands of people living in poor conditions because of humble backgrounds. Therefore, they die from multiple diseases and starvation. Conclusively, the film in celebration of the medium as a movie highlights pessimistic statements concerning possible opportunities. Weir, the director, encounters inherent features met by the visual image when it tries entering the human conscience.

The American Male at Age Ten & Orchid Fever by Susan Orlean Essay

The American Male at Age Ten & Orchid Fever by Susan Orlean - Essay Example According to the study at the age of ten, a child may surprise you with his awareness of what goes on in society. At the same time, however, he may amaze you with how the little things in his life make it significant. Similarly, someone who is passionate about something will find meaning in life even with the menial things that satisfy his zeal. Susan Orlean is known to write about ordinary people â€Å"who are not normally in the public eye or consciousness, but in whose very ordinariness Orlean finds something extraordinary.† Because of her essay topics, Orlean enables her readers, and even herself, to be in awe at how everyday people can have such meaningful lives. There is nothing unusual about the people in the middle of Orleans stories. They are not famous celebrities or notorious folks. They are, however, passionate about things or people that are important to them. Because of this, their lives have become exceptional. From this study it is clear that in â€Å"The American Male at Age Ten†, Orlean describes the life of a typical 10-year old American boy living in the suburbs. Like any boy his age, Colin Duffy shows the writer’s audience that he can be a child and yet at the same time be as sensitive and mature in thinking as an older person. The author shares that Colin plays games and pranks and hangs out with his best bud. Amidst all this carefree behavior, Orlean also describes Colin as someone smart, aware of social issues normally discussed between adults and has a mind which can and does process a lot of stuff whenever Colin feels like it. Towards the end of the essay, the reader is made to realize that although Colin is just ten, there is more to him than just video games and childish pranks.

Evaluating Models of Executive-Legislative Relations Term Paper

Evaluating Models of Executive-Legislative Relations - Term Paper Example The reason for this is because, the structure of a democracy, has an influence on the democracy’s effectiveness and performance. The effectiveness of these three democratic systems can as well be evaluated using different criteria. This paper evaluates the democratic systems of the presidential democracy, majoritarian parliamentary democracy, and consensual parliamentary democracy, using the criteria of accountability, representativeness, and effectiveness. Accountability is an important aspect in a democratic system, as it acts as a cornerstone in good government. This term might lack a definite definition because of its vast applications. However, in a democratic system, accountability presents itself, when there is a relationship, and an individual or organization is answerable to the other for their actions and decisions. This way, one party is subject to the oversight and direction of the other. Therefore, answerability and enforcement is core of accountability. In a demo cratic system therefore, the government is answerable to the citizens. ... Representativeness in a democratic system is whereby a few individuals are selected from the majority, mainly through elections, to represent the majority in government. These therefore, have to listen to the concerns of the public and represent them in government. Additionally, the elected few have to listen to the opinions and views of the public and other political actors, and present these in government, for action to be taken, where necessary. Therefore, in representativeness, the elected minority are the voice of the public. Effectiveness in a democratic system involves the level of performance of the system. In an effective democratic system, the government performs its responsibilities appropriately. This ensures that the citizens are comfortable, with basic needs, employment, and secure in all ways. Effectiveness of the government is also reflected in its policies, if they are successful or not, the nature of rights of people, freedom, and liberties of the citizens. An effec tive government therefore, registers positive performance in all these aspects. The aspect of representativeness is best utilized by parliamentary democracies, specifically the majoritarian parliamentary democracy. Gallager, Laver and Mair note that most European countries are characterized by the parliamentary democracies, except a few (47). The reason why the majoritarian parliamentary democracies are in a better position to represent the public appropriately is because; the majority people in the constituencies elect their members of parliament, who will represent them in the parliament. Therefore, the parliamentarian serves as the voice of the people of their constituency. This way, it is easier for the wishes of the majority people

Tata Coffee, Starbucks Near Deal for Stores Essay

Tata Coffee, Starbucks Near Deal for Stores - Essay Example This is the fundamental concept of Supply and Demand Paradox (Fisher, 2007, p. 8). Today’s market is largely influenced by technology advances, globalization and rigorous competition between suppliers and therefore companies are seeking for an effective strategy that can help it stay competitive. Discovering new market and newer opportunity will be far effective way than identifying the existing demands and satisfying consumer wants accordingly. This piece of research paper reviews the literatures regarding factors affecting demand and supply and explain what is price as well as income elasticity in relation to the recent attempt of Starbuck to come in alliance with Tata Coffee. This paper also explains how discovering new market would be a better economic strategy to foster demands from the example of Starbucks’s attempt to deal with Tata Coffee. Economic perspectives of Demand and Supply Demand and supply are perhaps the names of the most important models in all of ec onomics and these two are normally used for providing insights on the movements in price and output. The basic underlying concept of economics assumes that there is a market, where sellers and buyers contact for trade. Sellers are expected to bring goods or services to the market wherefrom consumers are assumed to bring money to it to buy the goods or services they demand (Guell, 2008, p. 20). From the economic point of view, demand is a schedule or curve or any other graphical presentation of the various amounts of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase at each of the series of possible prices during a specific period of time (McConnell and Brue, 2004, p. 40). Demand is the quantity of a product or service that will be purchased at different possible prices when other things stay unchanged. Quantity demanded shows how much consumers are willing and able to buy the goods or services at a particular price during a specific period of time (Guell, 2008, p. 22). Accor ding to the law of demand, price and quantity demanded are inversely related and therefore an individual’s demand schedule will be downwardly sloping in its curve, as depicted in the graph. As price falls, the quantity demanded rises and as price rises, quantity demanded falls. When other market variables are remaining constant, consumers will be tended to buy more of a product as its price declines. Quantity supplied is the maximum quantity that sellers want to sell at a given price. The law of supply states that the quantity supplied will increase when the price rises and will decrease when the price falls, because a supplier will be able to produce and supply more when he expects to gain more profits or other advantages due to price hike (Wessels, 2006, p. 37). As shown in the figure, producers will be producing more of the product or services when price of the same increases in the market. Most of the Economics literatures (Wessels, 2006, McEachern, 2011, Lipsey and Chrys tal, 2007 etc) explained that producers are tended to supply more when they expect an extra earning from the price hike or from any other factors that may lead to the same. When it comes to the case of Starbuck’s attempt to work in alliance with Tata Coffee in India, as Ahmed (Oct, 2011) wrote in Wall

Thesis amendments Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amendments - Thesis Example nglish is focused primarily on just learning the language without any reference to or intention of learning cultures associated with English, even if some cultural scenarios are included in the textbooks analysed. There also appears to be an inconsistency in the objective of the KSA Department of Education pertinent to English teaching in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it has been found out that studying English does not affect the learners’ appreciation of the Arabic culture. These results have been arrived at via the application of discourse analysis, which is the research methodology used, to some of the books used in teaching English in Saudi Arabia. The books that have been subjected to discourse analysis are Say It In English Series (SIIE) and English for Saudi Arabia Series (EFS). No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Howard Nicholas, whose continuous support and encouragement helped me a lot to acquire the basic skills of writing my thesis. Also I am grateful for his unlimited help even in weekends. This study examines the English cultural elements presented in two Saudi English learning textbook series. Chapter one introduces the general background to teaching and learning English in Saudi Arabia, the cultural challenges this presents. It then identifies the main problem involved and the states the purpose of the study as well. Chapter two develops and discusses some arguments using secondary research regarding the integration of English and its culture and general views of how the foreign culture can be introduced. The historical background gives an overview of the important relationship between language and culture, discusses the rationale for and measures taken for providing protection to the native culture, details the Saudi experience, and

Tata Coffee, Starbucks Near Deal for Stores Essay

Tata Coffee, Starbucks Near Deal for Stores - Essay Example This is the fundamental concept of Supply and Demand Paradox (Fisher, 2007, p. 8). Today’s market is largely influenced by technology advances, globalization and rigorous competition between suppliers and therefore companies are seeking for an effective strategy that can help it stay competitive. Discovering new market and newer opportunity will be far effective way than identifying the existing demands and satisfying consumer wants accordingly. This piece of research paper reviews the literatures regarding factors affecting demand and supply and explain what is price as well as income elasticity in relation to the recent attempt of Starbuck to come in alliance with Tata Coffee. This paper also explains how discovering new market would be a better economic strategy to foster demands from the example of Starbucks’s attempt to deal with Tata Coffee. Economic perspectives of Demand and Supply Demand and supply are perhaps the names of the most important models in all of ec onomics and these two are normally used for providing insights on the movements in price and output. The basic underlying concept of economics assumes that there is a market, where sellers and buyers contact for trade. Sellers are expected to bring goods or services to the market wherefrom consumers are assumed to bring money to it to buy the goods or services they demand (Guell, 2008, p. 20). From the economic point of view, demand is a schedule or curve or any other graphical presentation of the various amounts of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase at each of the series of possible prices during a specific period of time (McConnell and Brue, 2004, p. 40). Demand is the quantity of a product or service that will be purchased at different possible prices when other things stay unchanged. Quantity demanded shows how much consumers are willing and able to buy the goods or services at a particular price during a specific period of time (Guell, 2008, p. 22). Accor ding to the law of demand, price and quantity demanded are inversely related and therefore an individual’s demand schedule will be downwardly sloping in its curve, as depicted in the graph. As price falls, the quantity demanded rises and as price rises, quantity demanded falls. When other market variables are remaining constant, consumers will be tended to buy more of a product as its price declines. Quantity supplied is the maximum quantity that sellers want to sell at a given price. The law of supply states that the quantity supplied will increase when the price rises and will decrease when the price falls, because a supplier will be able to produce and supply more when he expects to gain more profits or other advantages due to price hike (Wessels, 2006, p. 37). As shown in the figure, producers will be producing more of the product or services when price of the same increases in the market. Most of the Economics literatures (Wessels, 2006, McEachern, 2011, Lipsey and Chrys tal, 2007 etc) explained that producers are tended to supply more when they expect an extra earning from the price hike or from any other factors that may lead to the same. When it comes to the case of Starbuck’s attempt to work in alliance with Tata Coffee in India, as Ahmed (Oct, 2011) wrote in Wall

Individual Write-Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Write-Up - Essay Example e going to visit Africa and more particularly Kenya, s as to go and watch the wild beast migration, based on what I have heard regarding Africa I prepared myself for the Stone Age life. Two days before our departure I had already parked all the things that I thought was necessary. I carried some of the most essential things, such as toothpaste, soap, spotlights, and camp knifes. My dad informed me of certain things like soap that could be bought when we got to Africa, but I could not dare leave my â€Å"Essential package† as I was not sure even if there were shops there. The day finally came, and we left for Africa, the fight took about 12 hours, as we had to make a stopover in Amsterdam. All through the flight, my mind was on the types of houses that I was going not just to see but live in. when the pilot announced the plane’s arrival in an hour, I was very excited because I was going to experience Africa for the very first time. The plane reached the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and t my surprise there were no animals anywhere in sight all I could see were tall, beautiful houses like the ones back in Canada. Sensing my dismay my dad told me â€Å"I told you†, the animal park that we were supposed to go and see the wild beast migration was known as the Tsavo National Park, which was quite a long distance from Nairobi. I had found out from the internet about the wild beast migration, and I was looking forward to seeing the animals leap into the river and cross to the other side. I tried to anticipate how many animals would make it safely to the other side. To make the experience a unforgettable, my dad had arranged that we travel by train to the park. There are no electric trains in Kenya we had t use the old locomotives, which run on diesel apparently these trains were left by the colonial government decades ago. The trip t the park was full of adventure, the train tracks went through beautiful open country where we were able t see some wild animals

The Welcome Table vs Country Lovers Essay Example for Free

The Welcome Table vs Country Lovers Essay Have you ever experienced discrimination and/or racism? It is my belief that, sadly, most of us have; for this paper I have chosen to compare and contrast the literary works, â€Å"The Welcome Table† by Alice Walker, and â€Å"Country Lovers† by Nadine Gordimer. Both of these literary pieces give the reader awareness of the pain and suffering endured by the two African-American characters that were subject to racial discrimination and the superior mentality of those that participated in the discrimination. Discrimination and racism is the core issue in both of these short stories; I will address the subject of racism in various ways. A similarity of both short stories is that the narrator reveals the characters through observation which means both stories are told in the third-person omniscient point of view. I will explore how the narrator drew me in when reading each of the stories. I can relate to to each through experiences in my lifes journey, and will explore those emotions a bit as well. The stories authors will also be compared and contrasted and compared. â€Å"The Welcome Table† Storyline â€Å"The Welcome Table† story was intriguing to me because the author describes the old woman as one who does not have emotional ties with the people around her. â€Å"The Welcome Table† theme is racism. I was moved deeply by The Welcome Table, in which an old, dying black woman is evicted by bodily force from a white church, but then meets-up with Jesus on the highway. I believe the old woman is bitter from the days she was a slave to the white people. Because of this, it appears she has focused only on Jesus for some time now; she knows it will soon be time to join Him. The old woman in the story is a spiritual woman, but bitter, and is so looking forward to her day of meeting with her Lord Jesus Christ, it appears she cares little about anything else at this point in her life. For example, in â€Å"The Welcome Table†: â€Å"The old woman stood with eyes uplifted in her Sunday–go–to–meeting clothes: high shoes polished about the tops and toes, a long rusty dress adorned with an old corsage, long withered, and the remnants of an elegant silk scarf as head rag stained with grease from the many oily pigtails underneath. Perhaps she had known suffering. There was a dazed and sleepy look in her aged blue–brown eyes. But for those who searched hastily for reasons in that old tight face, shut now like an ancient door, there was nothing to be read. And so they gazed nakedly upon their own fear transferred; a fear of the black and the old, a terror of the unknown as well as of the deeply known. Some of those who saw her there on the church steps spoke words about her that were hardly fit to be heard, others held their pious peace; and some felt vague stirrings of pity, small and persistent and hazy, as if she were an old collie turned out to die.†. â€Å"Country Lovers† Storyline The â€Å"Country Lovers† storyline was captivating as well; the theme is racism also. In this story the characters are young; â€Å"Country Lovers† follows the evolving relationship between a white, well to do farm-owners son, Paulus, and the black daughter of a farm-worker, Thebedi. â€Å"Country Lovers† is set in South Africa, and focuses greatly on the product of the star-crossed lovers union. Example in â€Å"Country Lovers†: â€Å"For the first time since he was a small boy he came right into the kraal. It was eleven oclock in the morning. The men were at work in the lands. He looked about him, urgently; the women turned away, each not wanting to be the one approached to point out where Thebedi lived.† Apartheid Regime At the time this story happens, South Africa was under a strict apartheid regime. The white population of South Africa was in charge of the country, and even though they were the minority they oppressed the rest of the inhabitants, mostly the black population. In â€Å"Country Lovers†, we see how distinct the differences between blacks and white were. The fact that Paulus was found ‘not guilty’ of murder, even though there was enough evidence against him, shows how the white people protected each other at all costs. The story also tells how the white children get to go to school, while the black children are not considered when it comes to education. In my opinion, you have to know something about the apartheid period in South Africa in order to understand the short story fully. The educational value is definitely present. And TodayDiverse Opinions â€Å"In post-apartheid South Africa we speak about race extensively. It permeates our workplace, weaves a thread through the fabric of our professional and personal lives, as well as our private conversations and public interactions with others. From within psychoanalytic theory, the thread weaves through the unknown content of our radicalized unconscious. When there is a focus on race in the South African psychoanalytic context it largely takes the form of the struggle to articulate the complexities of working with difference, as Swartz notes, or the struggle to map out issues of race. Such struggles are not localized in South Africa, but strongly reflect a much broader struggle within the global psychoanalytic community, as mirrored in the expanding focus on race.† (Knight, Z. G. (2013)) â€Å"Fourteen years after apartheid, is the ideal of a rainbow nation fading? Not at all. South Africa has come a long way since the days of institutional racism. Its transition to democracy has been remarkably smooth, set against the countrys bitter past. You hear of few incidents of racially motivated violence. The vast majority of South Africans want a non-racial democracy that respects peoples differences. There are laws to punish unfair discrimination, and black economic empowermenta positive-discrimination policyseeks to redress past injustice.† (Knight, Z. G. (2013)) Theme and Characters As you can see already, there are many differences, but there is but one meaningful theme in both stories, racism. In â€Å"The Welcome Table† the main character is an old woman, ready to meet her maker; it is apparent the pain the woman has endured throughout her life just by the description of the condition of her appearance, â€Å"beaten by king cotton and the extreme weather†, the condition of her clothing items â€Å"a long rusty dress adorned with an old corsage, long withered, and the remnants of an elegant silk scarf as head rag stained with grease from many oily pigtails underneath†, and the emptiness conveyed by her to the outsiders â€Å"a dazed and sleepy look in her aged blue brown eyes.†. The descriptiveness, the symbolism drew me in when reading this story. Racism and Spirituality Black liberation theology is a theological perspective found in some Christian churches in the United States which contextualizes Christianity in an attempt to help African-Americans overcome oppression. Black liberation theology seeks to liberate people of color from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views Christian theology as a theology of liberation- a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is Jesus Christ, writes James Hal Cone, one of the original advocates of the perspective. African-American theology has come from biblical faith to cultural captivity dogmatic texts from the patristic period to the Reformation. Dogma is a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true Theme and Characters In â€Å"Country Lovers†, the main characters are young, and see the beauty in life for a time. I sympathize more with Thebedi throughout the story; I believe she leaves herself vulnerable when she chooses to give herself to Paulus; I believe him to know more what the outcome of their relationship will be; I believe she secretly wants for her lover to be with her and their child. I see women to be more unrealistic because of their deep emotional attachments. I believe Paulus was a bit full of himself as well. He is heartless to call the baby it, and then to kill her himself? In both stories, there is the knowledge of racism by the characters, but in â€Å"The Welcome Table†, although the old woman is aware, she does not consider what others will think at this point, and in â€Å"Country Lovers†, the threat of what others may think means very much. Heart-breaking Realities In both stories I see the reality of broken-hearts. In â€Å"The Welcome Table† the old woman has been through much because of racism in her day; in â€Å"Country Lovers†, the heart-break is just beginning. Both stories are culturally rich, but in diverse ways. While â€Å"Country Lovers† tells of how it is acceptable to test the waters to see if your wife to be is able to bare your fruit, â€Å"The Welcome Table† implies that the old woman was accepted as grandma or auntie when raising a white mans children, but when it came to entering their church there was no acceptance what-so-ever. To me, these short stories have very different endings. The ending in â€Å"Country Lovers† was absolutely heart-breaking compared to the ending of â€Å"The Welcome Table†, which had a rather happy ending in my way of thinking. Authors Many authors have written essays, stories, and poems about negative judgmental and biased views of people in hopes to understand unfair treatment towards mankind and promote changes in human behavior that will bring solutions of peace. These authors are no different; both authors have been rewarded many honorary awards for promoting peace. Ironically, Nadine Gordimer is a white woman born and raised in South Africa and Alice Walker is an African-American from Eatonton, Georgia, but both authors have kindred spirits and are celebrated for their commitments to fight racism. These authors have a twenty year age difference, and have experienced racism in very diverse ways, in their very diverse lives. Nadine Gordimer grew-up in a privileged family, while Alice Walker grew-up poor. Her mother worked as a maid to help support the familys eight children, while Nadine Gordimer is an only child, whose mother imagined her to be ill, weak, throughout her childhood. Both authors began writing at an early age, each for different reasons I believe. Alice Walker started writing age eight, and Nadine Gordimer at nine. Alice Walker, who also wrote The Color Purple, started writing after listening to her grandfathers stories, who was the inspiration for Mr. in The Color Purple; With my family, I had to hide things, she said. And I had to keep a lot in my mind.. Nadine Gordimers first writings were that of apartheid on the lives of South Africans; Gordimer witnessed government repression firsthand when still a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating le tters and diaries from a servants room. Personal Thoughts and Feelings on Racism I have had mostly bi-racial amorous relationships in my lifetime; I am Caucasian, and my romantic relationships have been with African-American and Hispanic men. Even in this day and age I believe many people frown on this. Many of the people of either race whole-heartily approves of this in my opinion. The struggle to eliminate racism from our world is an important one. Understanding what it is, understanding the key role it plays in dividing people, and how to challenge it, in ourselves and others, is central to our understanding of how oppression works and how, ultimately, we can free all humanity from it. Racism is ignorance. There are no rational conflicts of interest between any peoples on this planet. There is not rational need for the artificial borders that have been erected over the years to separate different groups of humans. All people deserve an equal share in and access to food, shelter, education, health care and the other necessities of life. The false divisions created by racism only serve the short-term interests of systems which constantly try to divide us and distract us from seeing the underlying economic exploitation that feeds greed. Some have minds that are full of misinformation and confusions about people who have a skin color that is different to our own. Many have been left with irrational fears about countless aspects of other peoples’ and their cultures. The Solution? Nadine Gomier and Alice Walker both wrote what they lived; both stories are laced with racism and discrimination. Where does the solution to this basic human problem lie? The simple answer is in helping people consider an alternate course of action. How? Here is where it gets complex. Let me present several complementary models. First, a basic premise: Racism in its essence is the refusal to accept the other as an equal. To do so, one will have to share in the societal rewards of social wealth, political power, and structural privilege. If racism has nothing to do with biology, but has everything to do with socially structured beliefs and behavior, then it can also be socially unlearned and unstructured. How people proceed, however, depends on how they see themselves when confronted with evil. The great Karl Marx spoke of â€Å"the haves and the have nots†; I see that to be very accurate still today. In â€Å"The Welcome Table and â€Å"country Lovers We cannot change yesterday, and we cannot predict tomorrow, but we can live today. So, do not allow anyone to make you feel less than or hurt you.

Easter Wings Essay -- essays research papers

The poem "Easter Wings" by George Herbert is a poem full of deep imagery not only in its words but also in the visual structure of the stanzas. In Herbert’s poem why does he use a shape poem? Because he wanted this poem to have many different levels and meanings. Herbert also used huge amounts of mental imagery so that the reader can find new truths and meanings each time he or she reads it. The poem tells of the poets desire to fly with Christ as a result of Jesus' sacrifice, death and resurrection. The argument as to the proper presentation of this poem is easily explained with the help of the poet's address to the "Lord" in the opening line of the first page in the original text. Because this poem is actually a work within a work with many hidden meanings and suggestions. To fully understand it all, one must examine the poem as a whole in greater detail. The poet is the obvious speaker in the poem due to the common use of "I" and "me" through out the poem. The audience is also revealed in the first line of the 1634 edition of the poem with the use of the word "Lord"; meaning the Christian Savior, Jesus Christ who rose from the dead. But there is question as to where the poem truly begins. This is due to the splitting of the poem onto two separate pages, and then turned ninety degrees so it must be read sideways. This is done on purpose to invoke the vision of wings on both pages. This fact must be considered when evaluating where it begins and whether it is in fact two poems instead of one larger one. "Lord, who createth man in wealth and store" is the beginning of this poem, helping to immediately establish the audience in the first word. As well, this fact help to reveal that this poem is also a prayer of Herbert’s. The appropriate layout of the poem is still the "winged" look necessary for the full impact of the imagery. It is the imagery in this poem that deserves special notice as it gives a much deeper understanding of what Herbert is saying. The first stanza shows the fall of man from the "wealth" that is in God's holiness into the "decaying" life of a sinful nature: "Lord, who createst man in wealth and store, Though foolishly he lost the same, Decaying more and more Till he became Most poor:" As the ... .... Furthermore, this physical act of turning requires a decision. Since, biblically speaking, God does not enter unless invited, our act of turning the book reflects our freedom of choice and God's response is initiated. that how man's decline because of sin was defeated by the actions of the cross. So the point of Herbert’s work "Easter Wings" May not actually be obtainable just with one reading, or for that case many readings. But Herbert did show us that using shape and imagery throughout his poem that many different meanings and points can be made within one poem. He also helped us to understand what he viewed as right and wrong, he used imagery throughout his poem to give us a sense into his life and his value system. In doing so he gave the readers of his poems a chance to find all of the truths and meanings in his poem. Lastly in Herbert’s poem he wants us to be grateful of the gift that God has given to us, by allowing his only son to die for the salvation of our sins to make us washed clean with grace, it is this action which allows all of mankind, and not just Herbert, to be grafted into Jesus' wing to "further the flight" in us all.

Medical Anthropology Essay examples -- Medicine Culture Environment Es

Medical Anthropology Introduction and Description: My topic, Medical Anthropology, is a field of study that uses culture, religion, education, economics/infrastructure, history, and the environment as a means to evaluate and understand "cross-cultural perspectives, components, and interpretations of the concept of health" (Society for Medical Anthropology, pg. 1). To further introduce Medical Anthropology, I will reiterate highlights of my previous presentations. Early on in Turkey, I asked each person in our program the following question: "I would like you to tell me about health and what it means to you?" The answers to this question varied widely, making it difficult to define a global conception of health. In analyzing the answers, I established the following five components of health: †¢ Nutrition patterns and lifestyle habits. †¢ Environment and living conditions. †¢ Access to and the quality of healthcare provided. †¢ Interrelationships among and between patients, medical providers, friends and family. †¢ Causes and impacts of illness. In addition, the concept of health can be seen from two different perspectives. First, as a tool, meaning health's value as a form of wealth that should not be taken for granted. Second, health as a product or goal, that people strive to reach and maintain. The four goals of my project were to: 1) Develop a global conception of health. 2) Acquire a basic understanding of each country's health system and it's individual philosophy of healing. 3) Determine what treatments a culture values, rejects, and the extent to which its people use alternative medicine. †¢ Compare and contrast my findings in each country to each other count... ...ion techniques. In addition, research for this project enabled me to identify five essential elements for acquiring cross cultural competency which I will use as guidelines in conflict resolution in my future occupation: †¢ Valuing diversity †¢ Having the capacity for cultural self-assessment †¢ Being conscious of the dynamics inherent when cultures interact †¢ Having institutionalized culture knowledge †¢ Having developed adaptations to service delivery reflecting an understanding of cultural diversity In summary, this independent project has just begun my study of Medical Anthropology and has established a solid background to further my progress toward reaching one of my professional goals: to be a collaborative healthcare provider. This goal will be further developed as I begin the nursing program at St. Olaf's College next fall.

The Allusions in the Waste Land

The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land The Waste Land is an important poem. It has something important to say and it should have an important effect on the reader. But it is not easy. In Eliot's own words: â€Å"We can say that it appears likely that poets in our civilization as it exists at present, must be difficult. Our civilization comprehends great variety and complexity, and this variety and complexity, playing upon a refined sensibility, must produce various and complex results.The poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect, in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into its meaning. † â€Å"Tradition cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. † Eliot is dealing with the loss of meaning and significance of many things, and so he continually contrasts the present with the past, often using literary allusions to help to arouse in the reader the response he wants. For this reason he gives some of these allusions in a set of notes. However, he merely says where they come from or gives them in the original Italian or French or German.These notes give the actual allusions, translated into English where necessary, and printed in such a way that the reader can see the allusion and the relevant passage in the poem at the same time. For instance, a passage from the poem is on page 3 and the allusions to it are on page 2. The notes have also amplified Eliot's notes in some cases, with valuable help from three excellent books: Stephen Coote: The Waste Land in Penguin Master Studies 1985 B C Southam: A Student's Guide to the Selected Poems of T S Eliot Faber and Faber, 1968 George Williamson: A reader's Guide to T S Eliot Thames and Hudson, Second Edition, 1967It is a pleasure to thank Sheila Davies for her translation of Baudelaire's Au Lecteur Allusion are numbered and you will seldom have to scroll down more than a page to find the comment on the allusion The comment s on the allusions are in frames. Page 1 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The Waste Land â€Å"Nam sibyllam quiden Cumis ego ipse oculis meis vidi in ampulla pendere, et cum illi pueri dicerent: ; respondebat illa: A â€Å" . † For Ezra Pound il miglior fabro B A For I once saw with my own eyes the Sybil at Cumae hanging in a cage, and when the boys said to her â€Å"What do you want? she answered, â€Å"I want to die. † B ‘il miglior fabro' means ‘ the better craftsman', a well-deserved tribute to Ezra Pound. Eliot sent the original manuscript of The Waste Land to Pound, and as Eliot said ‘the sprawling, chaotic poem left Pound's hands reduced to about half its size and in the process it was changed from a jumble of good and bad passages into a poem,' Photo-copies of the manuscript, with the changes made by Pound, are available in book form, and fully support Eliot's acknowledgment of his debt to Pound. I. THE BURIAL OF T HE DEAD April is the cruelest month, breeding 1 Lilac out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth with forgetful snow, feeding Life with dried tubers. 7 Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee 8 With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm aus Litauen, echt deutsch. 12 And when we were children, staying at the archduke's , My cousin's , he took me out on a sled, And I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. Ands down we went. In the mountains, there you feel free.I read much of the night, and go south in the winter. 18 What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man 21 You cannot say, or guess , for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, 23 And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, 24 And the dry stone no sound of water. Only Page 2 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is shadow under this red rock, 26 (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 1 to 7 Critics usually contrast the description of spring with the opening of the general Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. To regard April, the harbinger of spring, as ‘the cruelest month' is natural for the dwellers in the waste land, who are afraid of life, who are ‘living and partly living'. What the general Prologue says more clearly but with less charm than Chaucer in modern English is When that April with its sweet showers Has pierced the drought of March down to the root And filled each plant with so much moistureAs made it burgeon forth in flowers 8 to 18 are a reverie. 12 I am not a Russian at all; I come from Lithuania, a true German. This is the strained, neurotic reaction of a dispossessed person at a time when only German nationality or protection could ward off the threat of danger. This line anticipates the vision of anarchy, of fleeing refugees, in lines 367 to 377. 21 Son of man Ezekiel 2:3 â€Å"And he said unto me, Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel, to a rebellious nation that hath rebelled against me: they and their fathers have transgressed against me even unto this very day. † 3 broken images Ezekiel 6:3 â€Å"Behold I, even I, will bring a sword upon you, and I will destroy your high places. And your altars shall be desolate, and your images shall be broken; and I will cast your slain men before your idols. † 24 the cricket no relief â€Å"the cricket no relief† is an echo from Ecclesiastes 12:5, where the preacher describes the desolation of old age: â€Å"Also they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shal l be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. 26 There is shadow under this red rock Isaiah 32:1, 2 describes the blessing of Christ's kingdom: â€Å"Behold a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in judgment. And a man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and as a covert from the tempest; As rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land. † Frisch weht der Wind 31 Der Heimat zu Mein Irisch Kind, Wo weilest du Fresh blows the wind Towards my homeland My Irish child Where do you linger? â€Å"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; Page 3 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They called me the hyacinth girl. – Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, and I was neithe r Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Oed' und leer das Meer Desolate and empty the sea 42 31 Frisch weht der Wind This is a song of innocent and naive love from Tristan and Isolde, which is a work of passionate love. A young sailor, feeling the wind blowing toward his homeland, sings of the girl he loves. 42 Oed' und leer das Meer The dying Tristan is waiting for Isolde's ship, but the lookout reports that the sea is desolate and empty.Between these two scene there is, by way of contrast, a modern love affair, beautiful but ultimately meaningless. Even in love she is neither living nor dead. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, 43 Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look! ) 48 Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three sta ves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear death by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs Equitone, Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: One must be so careful these days. 43 Madame Sosostris Madame Sosostris and the Taro cards represent ancient magic and ritual, here reduced to the insignificance of vulgar fortune telling. Eliot says of this passage: â€Å"I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience.The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: Because he is associated in my mind with the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part v. The Phoenician Sailor and the Merchant appear lat er; also the ‘crowds of people' and Death by Water is executed in part IV. The Man with Three Staves (an authentic member of the Tarot pack) I associate , quite arbitrarily, with the Fisher King himself. † Page 4 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 48 Those are pearls that were his eyesThe Tempest, Act 1 ii , 394 Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes; Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange. Unreal city, 60 Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so many. 63 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaled, 64 And each man fixed his eyes before his feet. Flowed up the hill and down King William Street, To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine. 8 60 Unreal city Baudelaire: â€Å"O teeming city, city full of illusions, Where ghosts accost the passerby in broad daylight. † 63 I had not thought death had undone so many Inferno, Canto 3: â€Å"And behind it came so long a train of people, that I should never have believed death had undone do many. † (In this canto Dante describes the :†dreary souls who lived without blame and without praise . . . who were not rebellious, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. † Dante also call them â€Å"these wretches that never were alive. † 64 Sighs, short and infrequent were exhaledInferno, Canto 4: â€Å"Here as mine ear could note, no plaint was heard, except of sighs, that made the eternal air to tremble, not caused by torture but from grief felt by those multitudes, many and vast. † This canto deals with people – like Socrates – who lived virtuously but never knew the Gospel. So two kinds of people live in the modern Waste Land: those who are secularised and those who have no knowledge of the faith. 68 With a dead sound at the final stroke of nine. Eliot says that he often noticed this when the clock of St Mary Woolnoth struck nine. In lines 60 to 68 Eliot is dealing with man's spiritual bankruptcy.He does this by recreating life about him by using the language and ideas of the past. In the modern Waste Land where people are living and partly living, they have no standards of right and wrong, of virtue and sin, that individuals or society accept or live by. Eliot uses the reminders to Dante to contrast this with another, more aware time. The people in Dante's Hell Page 5 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc were people who had sinned to various degrees and were punished in different circles of hell. Like the people James Thomson spoke of, who were gratified to gain hat positive eternity of pain Instead of this insufferable inane. There I saw one I knew; and stopped him, crying: â€Å"Stetson! 69 â€Å"You who were with me in the ships at Mylae! 70 â€Å"T hat corpse you planted last year in your garden 71, â€Å"Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year? â€Å"Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed? â€Å"Oh keep the Dog far hence, that's foe to men 74 â€Å"Or with his nails he'll did it up again! â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur! Mon semblable, mon frere! † 76 69 Stetson is the representative commuter 70 Mylae was one of the battles in the Punic war, a sordid trade war.By choosing this war rather than the similar and more topical 1914 – 1918 war, Eliot is making the point that all wars are similar. 71 The corpse you planted in your garden In ancient fertility rites, images of the gods were buried in the fields. 74 Oh keep the Dog far hence Dirge sung by Cornelia in THE WHITE DEVIL by John Webster Act 5, Scene 4: Call for the robin redbreast and the wren, Since o'er the shady groves they hover And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the fi eldmouse and the mole To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm.But keep the wolf far hence, that's foe to man Or with his nails he'll dig it up again. It is not such an odd step from wolf to dog. In the old testament the dog is not a friend to man, but even sometimes feeds on corpses. And Psalm 22 verse 20 has â€Å"Deliver my soul from the sword, my darling from the power of the dog. † 76 â€Å"You! Hypocrite lecteur†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is the last line of Au Lecteur (To the reader), the poem that is the preface to Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) which is Charles Baudelaire's manifesto. It is addressed to the reader and means: â€Å"You, hypocrite reader, my image, my brother. â€Å"Translation of Au Lecteur by Sheila Davies Page 6 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Stupidity, indiscretion, sin and meanness Take over our minds and wear away our bodies, And, full of remorse, we affectionately nurture our wrongdoings In the same way that beggars fe ed titbits to vermin. Our sins are strong-willed, our repentance cowardly; Making gushing confession becomes a habit. We walk with gay abandon along fouled-up pathways, Believing that our cheap tears will wash away the stains of filth. It is Satan of the three-pronged fork who, On the pillow of evil, gently rocks our entranced spirit,And the precious metal of our free will Is all vaporised by this cunning alchemist. It is the devil who grasps the cords that entangle us. In whatever is repugnant we find charm. Each day we take one step nearer down to Hell, Blind to its horrors as we cross the stinking gloom. Just like a penniless lecher who kisses and nibbles The shriveled up breast of an old tart, We filch from life's journey our furtive pleasures Which we squeeze as we would an old orange. Holding on fast, writhing around like a million worms, A race of Demons holds an orgy in our brains, And, when we breathe, Death floods our lungs,An invisible river of stifled groans. If rape, po ison, murder or fire Have not yet embroidered their pretty designs On the insignificant canvas of our pitiful destinies, It is because our souls, alas, are not taut enough. But of all the jackals, panthers, lice, Apes, scorpions, vultures and serpents, The yelping, howling, snarling, creeping monsters Of the loathsome menagerie of our depravity, There is one that is even uglier, more wretched, more vile than all the rest; Though he utters no savage cries nor thrashes about in a frenzy, He would gladly reduce the world to a heap of debris,And with one great yawn swallow up the earth. He is Ennui! – his eye brimming over with an ineffectual tear, Page 7 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc He dreams up scaffolds while he smokes his opium. You know him, reader, this insidious monster, Hypocrite reader, – my kinsman – my brother! I I A GAME OF CHESS The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, 78 Glowed on the marble, where the glass Held up th e standards wrought with fruited vines From which a golden Cupidon peeped out (Another hid his eyes behind his wings) Doubled the flames of seven branched candelabraReflecting light upon the table as The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it, From satin cases poured in rich profusion; In vials of ivory and colored glass Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes, Unguent, powdered, or liquid – troubled, confused And drowned the sense in odors; stirred by the air That freshened from the window, these ascended In fattening the prolonged candle flames, Flung their smoke into the laquearia, 93 Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling. 94 Huge sea-wood fed with copper Burned green and orange, framed by the colored stone, In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.Above the antique mantel was displayed As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene 99 The change in Philomel, by the barbarous king 100 .So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale Filled all the desert with i nviolable voice And still she cried, and still the world pursues, â€Å"Jug Jug† to dirty ears. And other withered stumps of time Were told upon these walls; staring forms Leaned out, leaning, hushing, hushing the room enclosed. Footsteps shuffled on the stair. Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair Spread out in fiery points Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. II A GAME OF CHESS This section of the poem deals with sex without love, especially within marriage, just as Fire Sermon deals with sex outside marriage. Page 8 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The title refers to a game of chess in Women Beware Of Women, a play by Thomas Middleton 1580 – 1627. While the duke is seducing Bianca in the gallery in view of the audience, his confederate is distracting her mother-in-law's attention with a game of chess. 78 The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne An empty, rich woman is sitting at her dressing table.The reference is t o Antony And Cleopatra, Act I, Sc 2, line 194, in which Enobarbus describes Cleopatra at her first meeting with Anthony. The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, Burn'd on the waters, the poop was beaten gold, Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them And later in line 239: Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety; other women cloy The appetites they feed, but she makes hungry Where most she satisfies. The allusion to Antony and Cleopatra contrasts voluptuous femininity and romantic love, and the artificial and sterile personal relationships in the waste land. 3 laquearia A paneled lacquered ceiling In his notes Eliot refers us to The Aeneid, Book 1 line 726 The chandeliers that hung from the gold fretted ceiling Were lit, and cressets of torches subdued the night with flames Translation by Cecil Day Lewis 94 coffered Decorated with sunken panels 99 sylvan scene Eliot's note refers us to Paradise Lost Book 4, line 140,describ ing the scene before Satan when he first arrives at the borders of Eden. and overhead up-grew Insuperable height of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A sylvan scene, and, as the ranks ascend, Shade above shade, a woody theatreOf stateliest view. Framed by this sylvan scene we see a reminder of Philomela. 100 The change in Philomel Tereus, king of Thrace married Procne , a girl from Athens. She missed her sister, Philomela, and sent Tereus to fetch her. Tereus fell in love with Philomela and raped her. He then cut out her tongue to prevent her from telling Procne, but she still found out. The sisters revenged themselves on Tereus by killing his son, Itylus, and setting his flesh before Tereus at a banquet. The gods took pity on these people and changed them into various birds: Tereus into a hoopoe, Procne into a swallow and Philomela into a nightingale.Swinburne also uses this myth in The huntsman's chorus in Atalanta In Calydon: And the brown bright night ingale amorous Is half assuaged for Itylus And the Thracian ships and the foreign faces, The tongueless vigil, and all the pain. Eliot uses the nightingale as a symbol of beauty born out of suffering, but in the waste land it only sings â€Å"Jug, jug† to dirty ears. In Elizabethan poetry, â€Å"jug, jug† was a conventional way of representing birdsong, but it was also a crude, joking way of referring to the sex act. Page 9 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc A conversation starts at line 111.The woman in quotation marks, her husband not. The woman is sharp, shrill, irritable, the man detached and melancholy. Eliot puts his words in quotation marks, probably to imply that he does not answer at all, but merely says those words to himself. â€Å"My nerves are bad tonight. Yes, bad. stay with me. 111 â€Å"Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak. â€Å":What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? â€Å"I never know what you are thinking. Thi nk†. I think we are in rat's alley Where the dead men lost their bones â€Å"What is that noise? † The wind under the door. â€Å"Do you know nothing? Do you see nothing? â€Å"Do you remember nothing? I remember those are pearls that were his eyes. up to here â€Å"Are you alive or not? Is there nothing in your head? † But O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag It's so elegant So intelligent â€Å"What shall I do now? What shall I do? â€Å"I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street â€Å"With my hair down, so. What shall we do tomorrow? â€Å"What shall we ever do? † The hot water at ten. And if it rains, a closed car at four. And we shall play a game of chess Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door. â€Å"When Lil's husband got demobbed, I said â€Å"I didn't mince my words, I said to her myself,† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Now Albert's coming back, make yourself a bit smart. â€Å"He'll want to know what you done with that money he gave you To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there. ‘You have them all out Lil, and get a nice set' He said, ‘I swear I can't bear to look at you. ‘ And no more can't I, I said, and think of poor Albert He's been in the army four years he wants a good time And if you don't give it him, there's others will, I said. Page 10 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Oh is there, she said, Something o'that I said Then I'll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look. HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"If you don't like it you can get on with it, I said. Others can pick and choose if you can't. But if Albert takes off, it won't be for lack of telling. You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique. (And her only thirty-one. ) I can't help it, she said, pulling a long face, It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said. She's had five already, and nearly died of young George. The chemist said it would be all right but I'v e never been the same. You are a proper fool, I said. Well, if Albert won't leave you alone, there it is, I said. What you get married for if you don't want children? HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME â€Å"Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon, And they asked me to dinner to get the beauty of it hot -† HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME Goonight Bill, Goonight Lou, Goonight May, Goonight. Ta ta, Goonight Good night, ladies, goodnight, sweet ladies, good night, good night. 172 172 Good night, ladies Ophelia's last words before she drowns herself, driven mad by Hamlet's pretended love for her and then his feigned indifference. Hamlet, Act 4, scene 5, line 55 What does Eliot achieve with the allusions in A Game of Chess?The emotions aroused by the physical beauty and charm of Cleopatra, the passions in the rape and revenge of Philomela, the intensity of feeling and hurt that drove Ophelia to suicide, have no place in the lives of the rich or the poor , â€Å"living and partly living† in the waste land. III THE FIRE SERMON The river's tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf 173 Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind Crosses the brown land unheard. The nymphs are departed 175 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. 176 The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers, Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette endsOr other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed. And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors; Departed, have left no addresses. By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . . 182 Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song. Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long But at my back, in a cold blast I hear 185 Page 11 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The rattle of bones and the chuckle spread from ear to ear. The Fire Sermon was preached by the Buddha against the fires of lust, anger, envy and other passions that consumed men.However, the trouble with any sermon is that, as Prospero said, â€Å"the strongest oaths are straw to the fire in the blood. † 173 The river's tent is broken The river's tent evokes the image of the shelter provided in summer by the leafy boughs of trees overhanging a river, a shelter now lost through the loss of leaves at the end of summer. But ‘the river's tent is broken' suggests a deeper and more solemn meaning. Perhaps the loss of some sacred or mystic quality. In the Old Testament, a tent can be a tabernacle or holy place because the wandering tribes of Israel used a tent as a portable tabernacle.In Isaiah 33: 20 we have a reminder of the time when the tabernacle was a tent: â€Å"Look upon Zion, the city of our solemnities: thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a tabernacle that shall not be taken down; not one of the stakes thereof shall ever be moved, neither shall any of the cords thereof be broken. † And in Isaiah 33:21 the statement that a river gives power and safety: â€Å"But there the glorious Lord will be unto us a place of broad rivers and streams; wherein shall go no galley with oars, neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. † 175 The nymphs are departedEdmund Spenser celebrates the beauty and joy of marriage in his beautiful lyric, Prothalamion, using the Thames as a perfect pastoral setting. The nymphs that Eliot refers to are probably those described in the lines There in a Meadow, by the river's side, A flocke of Nymphs I chaunced to espy All lovely daughters of the flood thereby. 176 ‘Sweete Themmes runne softely till I end my Song' is the refrain from Prothalamion. (Prothalamion is a song or poem in celebration of a forthcoming wedding. ) 182 By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept Psalm 137 is the lamentation of the Israelites exiled to Babylon, yearning for their homeland.It starts: â€Å"By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. † â⠂¬ËœLeman' means an unlawful lover, so the phrase ‘the waters of Leman' is associated with lust. Lac Leman is the French name for Lake Geneva. Eliot worked on The Waste Land at Lausanne, a town near Lake Geneva. in 1922. 185 But at my back, in a cold blast I hear Andrew Marvel in TO HIS COY MISTRESS: Had we but world enough and time This coyness, Lady, were no crime, . . . But at my back I always hear Time's winged chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. Page 12 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 192 And on the king my father's death before him Eliot's note refers to The Tempest, Act 1, scene 2, line 390. Ferdinand has just heard Ariel singing â€Å"Come unto these yellow sands† and says Sitting on a bank Weeping again the king my father's wreck, This music crept by me upon the waters, Allaying both their fury and my passion With its sweet air 193 White bodies naked on the low damp ground The drowned Phoenician sailor of Line 47 is a kind of fertility god whose image is thrown into the sea each spring to symbolize the death of summer, without which death there could be no resurrection of the new year.Southam claims that ‘the white bodies' here refer to the image of the fertility god taken out of the water to symbolize the god's resurrection. 197 The sound of horns and motors John Day in THE PARLIAMENT OF BEES: When of a sudden, listening, you shall hear, The noise of horns and hunting, which shall bring Actaeon to Diana in the Spring Where all shall see her naked skin. 199 O the moon shine bright on Mrs Porter The words come from a ballad popular with the Australian troops in world War 1. Mrs Porter was a legendary brothel keeper in Cairo. 202 Et 0 ces voix d'enfants chantant dans la coupole! And O those voices of children singing in the copula! † Paul Verlaine in Parsifal. Southam claims that Verlaine is referring to Wagner's Parsifal and its music. In the Grail Legend, the ch ildren's choir sings at the ceremonial foot washing before the knight Parsifal restores the wounded Anfortas, the Fisher King, and so lifts the curse from the waste land. Line 205 So rudely forced refers again to the rape of Philomela by Tereus. ‘Tereu' is the Latin vocative form of Tereus. This interpretation of the nightingale's song is found in ALEXANDER AND CAMPASPE BY John Lyly: ‘Oh, tis the ravished nightingale Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu! he cries. ‘ ‘Tereu', being the vocative, implies that she is addressing Tereus. Line 211 C. i. f. London is the price, including cost, insurance, freight to London. At the violet hour, when the eyes and back 215 Page 13 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits Like a taxi throbbing waiting, I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, 218 Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Hom eward, and brings the sailor home from sea, 221 The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast lightsHer stove, and lays out food in tins. Out of the window perilously spread Her drying combinations touched by the sun's last rays, On the divan are piled (at night her bed) Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays. I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled female dugs Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest He, the young man carbuncular. arrives, A small house agent's clerk, with one bold stare One of low on whom assurance sits As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire. 234 The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is over, she is bored and tired, Endeavors to engage her in caresses Which still are unreproved, if undesired.Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; Exploring hands encounter no defense; His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. (And I Tiresias have foresuffered all Enacted on this same divan or bed; I who have sat by Thebes below the wa ll 245 And walked among the lowest of the dead. ) 246 Bestows one final patronizing kiss, And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit. She turns and looks a moment in the glass, Hardly aware of her departed lover; Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: â€Å"Well now that's done: and I am glad it's over† When lovely woman stoops to folly and 253Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand And puts a record on the gramophone. 215 At the violet hour This refers to Dante's PURGAT0RY, Canto 8. It was the hour when a sailor's thoughts, the first day out, turn homeward, and his heart yearns for the loved ones he has left behind, the hour when the novice pilgrim aches Page 14 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc with love: the far off tolling of a bell now seems to him to mourn the dying day. Translation by Frank Musa. (A pity I did not have Musa's translations of Inferno and Paradiso. ) 218 I TiresiasIn lines 218 to 22 0, Eliot refers to the prophetic powers of Tiresias and the fact that he was bisexual, quoting Ovid's METAMORPHOSES in Latin. But we can settle for a free translation: Tiresias saw snakes mating in the forest. He hit them with his staff and was changed into a woman. Seven years later he saw the same two snakes and hit them again. As he had hoped, he was turned back into a man. Because he had experience as both a man and a woman, Jove called him in as an expert witness in a quarrel with his wife, Juno. He was arguing that in love the woman enjoys the greater pleasure; she argued that the man did.Tiresias supported Jove. Juno then blinded him out of spite. To make up for this, Jove gave him long life and the power of prophesy. Eliot also points out how the point-of-view in The Waste Land changes: â€Å"Tiresias, although a mere spectator and not indeed a ‘character', is yet the most important personage in the poem, uniting all the rest. Just as the one-eyed merchant, seller of currants, melts into the Phoenician Sailor, and the latter is not wholly distinct from Ferdinand, Prince of Naples, so all the women are one woman, the two sexes meet in Tiresias.What Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem. † 220 the evening hour that strives Eliot refers us to Sappho's prayer to the Evening Star: Oh, Evening Star that brings back all That shining Dawn has scattered far and wide, You bring back the sheep, the goat, And the child back to its mother. 221 and brings the sailor home from sea Eliot says he meant the longshore fisherman who returns at nightfall. 234 Silk hat upon a Bradford millionaire The manufacturing town of Bradford produced many new-rich millionaires during the first World War 245 I who have sat by Thebes below the wallTiresias is a key figure in King Oedipus by Sophocles because he knew that the pollution in Thebes came from Oedipus himself, and it is to prove him wrong that Oedipus embarks on his searching inquiries. Note that i n Thebes the people, the soil and the animals were all made infertile. 246 And walked among the lowest of the dead The Odyssey Book 10, lines 488 to 495 has the first reference to Tiresias in literature. speaks: Son of Laertes and seed of Zeus, resourceful Odysseus, You shall no longer stay in my house when none of you wish to; but first there is another journey you must accomplish nd reach the house of Hades and revered Persephone, there to consult with the soul of Teiresias the Theban, the blind prophet, whose senses stay unshaken within him, Page 15 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc Circe to whom alone Persephone has granted intelligence even after death, but the rest of them are flittering shadows. Translation by Richmond Lattimore 253 When lovely woman stoops to folly In The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith, Olivia returns to the place where she was seduced and sings: When lovely woman stoops to folly The only art her guilt to cover' And finds too l ate that men betray,To hide her shame from every eye, What charm can soothe her melancholy, To get repentance from her lover, What art can wash her guilt away? And wring his bosom, is to die. And wring his bosom, is to die â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† 257 And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street, O City city, I can sometimes hear Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street The pleasant whining of mandolin And a clatter and a chatter from within Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls 263 Of Magnus Martyr hold 264 Inexplicable splendor of Ionian white and gold. The river sweats 266 Oil and tar The barges drift 68 With the turning tide Red sails Wide to leeward, swing on the heavy spar. The barges wash Drifting logs Down Greenwich reach Past the isle of dogs. Weialala leia 277 Wallala leialala Elizabeth and Leicester 279 Beating oars The stern was formed A gilded shell Red and gold The brisk swell Rippled both shores Southwest wind Carried down strea m The peal of bells Page 16 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc White towers Weialala leia Wallala leialala â€Å"Trams and dusty trees Highbury bore me. Richmond and Kew 293 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees 294 Supine on the floor of a narrow canoe. † My feet are at Moorgate, and my heart Under my feet. After the event He wept. Promised ‘a new start' I made no comment. What should I resent? † â€Å"On Margate Sands. 301 I can connect Nothing with nothing The broken fingernails of dirty hands. My people, humble people who expect Nothing. † la la To Carthage then I came 308 Burning burning burning 309 O Lord Thou pluckest me out 310 O Lord Thou pluckest Burning 312 257 â€Å"This music crept by me upon the waters† See line 192 263 Fishmen are workers at nearby Billingsgate market. 264 Eliot says he regards the interior of Magnus Martyr as one of the finest of Christopher Wren's interiors 66 The river is the Thames. The song of the three Thames daughters starts here . From 292 to 306 they speak in turn. 268 The barges drift Some of this scene is based on the description of the river at the start of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. 277 Weialala leia The lament of the Rhine-maidens because the beauty of the river has been lost with the theft of the river's gold. As in the Grail legend, the theft has brought a curse. 279 Elizabeth and Leicester were thought to be lovers. In Froude's Elizabeth (Vol I chapter 4) there is a letter about a trip they took on the Thames. 293, 294 Highbury bore me.Richmond and Kew undid me. Eliot refers us to Canto 5 in Dante's Purgatory, which deals with those who died a violent death. At its end a woman from Sienna whose husband had suspected her of adultery and had her pushed out of a window in Maremma, speaks to the Pilgrim: Oh please, when you are in the world again and are quite rested from your journey here, Oh please remember me! I am called Pia Sienna gave me life, Ma remma death, as he knows who began it when he put his gem upon my finger, pledging faith. Mark Musa comments on how this short speech reveals her gentle and considerate Page 17 of 26 The Allusions in T. S.Eliot's The Waste Land. doc nature: â€Å"when you are in the world again and quite rested from your journey here† 294 Undid me. By Richmond I raised my knees The first two Thames daughters (292 to 295, 296 to 299) simply accept what happens to them. 301 â€Å"On Margate Sands. Eliot started writing The Waste Land on Margate Sands when he was recovering from a breakdown. But Eliot would deny the relevance of this. He said: â€Å"The more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmit the passions which are its material. 308 To Carthage then I came St Augustine's Confessions: ‘to Carthage then I came, where a cauldron of unholy loves sang all about min e ears. ‘ 309 Burning burning burning From The Fire Sermon, which Eliot sees as corresponding to the Sermon on the Mount. The Buddha says that â€Å"forms are on fire, †¦ impressions received by the eye are on fire: and whatever sensation, pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent, originates in dependence on impressions received by the eye, that also is on fire. And with what are these on fire? With the fire of passion, say I, with the fire of hatred, with the fire of infatuation. The Fire Sermon can be found in Henry Clarke Warren's Buddhism in Translation, Harvard Oriental Series. 310 O Lord Thou pluckest me out St Augustine's Confessions: â€Å"I entangle my steps with these beauties, but Thou pluckest me out, O Lord, Thou pluckest me out. † Eliot says that : â€Å"The collocation of these two representatives of eastern and western asceticism, as the culmination of this part of the poem, is not an accident. † 312 burning In Canto 25, Dante reaches the last st age of the mountain of Purgatory, where he meets those who atone for the deadly sin of lechery, by fire. As long as they must burn within the fire the cure of flames, the diet of the hymns with these the last of their wounds is healed. ‘ Translated by Mark Musa IV DEATH BY WATER Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead, Forgot the cry of gulls, the deep sea swell And profit and loss. A current under the sea 315 Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell he passed the stages of his youth Entering the whirlpool. Gentile or Jew 319 Page 18 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc O you who turn the wheel and turn to windward, Consider Phlebas, who was once as handsome and tall as you.Helen Gardner described Death by water as â€Å"a passage of ineffable peace in which the stain of living is washed away. † Southam points out that â€Å"This section is a close adaptation of the last seven lines of a French poem Dans le Restaurant written by Elliot in 1916 – 1917. † Here is a translation by Southam: Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight drowned, Forgot the cry of gulls, and the swell of the Cornish sea and the profit and the loss, and the cargo of tin. An undersea current carried him far, Took him back through the ages of his past. Imagine it – a terrible end for man once so handsome and tall. 15 and 316 A current under the sea This is again on the theme of sea change of Line 48: Those are pearls that were his eyes 319 Gentile or Jew That is, all mankind. (The Jews in this case mean the faithful and the gentiles those who rejected God. ) V WHAT THE THUNDER SAID After the torchlight red on sweaty faces 322 After the frosty silence in the gardens After the agony in stony places The shouting and the crying Prison and palace and reverberation Of thunder of spring over distant mountains He who was living is now dead And we who were living are now dying With a little patience 326 327Here is no water, but only rock 331 Rock and no water and the sandy road The road winding above among the mountains Which are mountains of rock without water If there were water we should stop and drink Amongst the rock one cannot stop and think Sweat is dry and feet are in the sand If there were only water amongst the rock Dead mountain mouth of carious teeth that cannot spit Here one cannot neither stand nor lie nor sit There is not even silence in the mountains But dry sterile thunder without rain There is not even solitude in the mountain But red sullen faces sneer and snarl From doors of mudcracked housesIf there were water And no rock If there were rock Page 19 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc And also water A spring A pool among the rock If there were the sound of water only No the cicada and dry grass singing But the sound of water over a rock Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees Drip drop drip drop drop drop drop But there is no water 359 Who is the third who walks always b eside you? 360 When I count there is only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Wrapped in a brown mantle, hoodedI do not know whether a man or a woman – But who is that on the other side of you? 366 What is the sound high in the air 367 Murmur of maternal lamentation Who are those hooded hordes swarming Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth Ringed by the flat horizon only What is the city over the mountains Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air Falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal 377 A woman drew her long black hair out tight 378 And fiddled whisper music on those strings And bats with baby faces in the violet light Whistled, and beat their wingsAnd crawled head downward down a blackened wall And upside down in air were towers Tolling reminiscent bells, that tolled the hours And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells 385 What the thunder said Eliot says in his notes: â€Å"In the first part of Part V three themes are employed: the journey to Emmaus, the approach to the Chapel Perilous, (see Miss Weston's book) and the present decay of eastern Europe. † (The book is Miss Jessie L Weston's From Ritual to Romance on the Grail legend. He says it â€Å"will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes can do. ) 322 to 330 refer to the events from the betrayal and arrest of Jesus until his death, as described in John 18. Page 20 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc 322 torchlight on sweaty faces John 18: 3 â€Å"Judas then, having received a band of men and officers from the chief priests and Pharisees, cometh hither with lanterns and torches and weapons. † 326 Prison and palace and reverberation: Jesus was taken under arrest to the palace of the high priest, where he was publicly interrogated and then taken to the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate in the hall of judgment 27 Reverberation of thunder: Matthew 27: 50, 51 â€Å"Jesus, then when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake and the rocks rent. † 331 Here is no water, but only rock: The God, as represented here by Jesus has been killed, and this is followed by spiritual death, the image of which is a barren, mountainous world of rock and sand. This is a place of physical and emotional purgatory. The search in WHAT THE THUNDER SAID is for water, for the sacred river and its wisdom.But there is no water. 353 to 355 are an echo of lines 23 to 25. 360 to 367: Even when man's savior has arisen, man cannot recognize him. Luke 24, 13 to 21 describes the journey to Emmaus. Christ has arisen, but his disciples think that he is gone from them forever. He meets two of them on the road to Emmaus, but they do not recognize him. Eliot says that lines 360 to 365 were stimulated by a n account by Shackleton of an Antarctic exhibition on which the exhausted explorers were haunted by the delusion that there was one more person with them than could be counted. 67 to 377: Eliot quotes Herman Hesse: Blick ins Chaos: â€Å"Already half of Europe, already at least half of eastern Europe, is reeling towards the abyss in a state of drunken illusion, and as she reels sings a drunken hymn, as Dimitri Karamasoff sang. The insulted masses laugh these songs to scorn, the saint and the seer hear them with tears. † Eliot was deeply concerned about the decay of Eastern Europe. Coote: â€Å"With the collapse of spiritual values, with moral and financial ruin after the First World War and, further, the massive rises in population, there was at this time a widespread fear of revolution.The example had already been set by Russia, and what Eliot pictured here is a swarming, mindless anarchy reared on the ‘endless plains of eastern Europe which, with their ‘cracked earth' and ‘flat horizon' correspond to the Waste Land itself. † 378 to 385: The Chapel Perilous was filled with horrors to test a knight's courage; nightmare visions, including bats with baby faces, assail him on his approach. Eliot says that some of the details of this part of the poem were inspired by a painting of the school of Hieronymus Bosch, some of whose works are grotesque and horrifying visions of Hell. 85: empty cisterns and exhausted wells In the Old Testament these signify drying up of faith and the worship of false gods. In this decayed hole among the mountains 386 In the faint moonlight, the grass is singing Over the tumbled graves, about the chapel Page 21 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc There is the empty chapel, only the wind's home. It has no windows, and the door swings, Dry bones can harm no one. Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain 395 Ganga has sunk en, and the limp leaves 396 Waited for rain, while black cloudsGathered far distant over Himavant. 398 The jungle crouched, humped in silence. Then spoke the thunder DA 401 Datta: what have we given? My friend, blood shaking my heart The awful daring of a moment's surrender Which an age of prudence can never retract By this and this only, we have existed Which is not to be found in our obituaries Or in memories draped by the beneficent spider 409 Or under seals broken by the lean solicitor In our empty rooms. 386 to 395: For this quester the Chapel Perilous has become a decayed hole among the mountains. The chapel is empty, the symbols have lost their meaning. Coote: â€Å"There is only the wind's home.The seeker has pushed himself to the absolute and found nothing. The traditions are dead. It is at this moment that there comes a glimpse of partial salvation Only a cock stood on the rooftree Co co rico co co rico In a flash of lighting. Then a damp gust Bringing rain This clarion c all announces a new stage symbolized by the possibility of rain. For the moment it is ‘far distant'. But the thunder is no longer sterile. The flash of lightning, the flash of spiritual as well as actual illumination prepares us for the voice of God and his command to creatures to ‘give, sympathize, control', to free themselves from the world of selfish desire. 396 Ganga is the Ganges, the sacred river of India. It is the home of the early vegetation myths 398: Himavant is a holy mountain in the Himalayan range. 401: DA Here is the fable of the meaning of the thunder given in the Upanishads, the sacred writings of Hinduism: 1. The threefold descendants of Prajapati, gods, men and evil spirits, dwelt as students with their father, Prajapati. Having finished their studentship, the gods said: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Damyatta', Be subd ued. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 2.Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † Page 22 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Datta, Give. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. 3. Then the men said unto him: â€Å"Tell us something, Sir†. He told them the same syllable da. Then he said: â€Å"Did you understand? † They said: we did understand. You told us ‘Dayadvam, Be merciful. † â€Å"Yes† he said, you have understood. The divine voice of thunder repeats the same Da da da, that is Be subdued, Give, Be merciful. Therefore let this triad be taught.Subduing, Giving and Mercy. 402 to 410 Giving, here means giving yourself in love, losing yourself in love of others, beyond the neurotic love of A Game of Chess. 407 Memories draped by the b eneficent spider Eliot refers us to John Webster's The White Devil where Flamineo warns against the inconstancy of women. they'll remarry ere the worm pierce your winding-sheet, ere the spider Make a thin curtain for your epitaphs. DA Dayadvam: I have heard the key 412 Turn in the door once and turn once only We think of the key, each in his prison Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison Only at nightfall, ethereal rumorsRevive for a moment a broken Coriolanus. 417 DA Damyata: The boat responded 419 Gaily to the hand expert with sail and oar The sea was calm, your heart would have responded Gaily, when invited, beating obedient To controlling hands. 423 412: I have heard the key Eliot refers us to Inferno, Canto 33, line 46: Ugolino: I heard the key below the door of the dreadful tower being locked, and I looked at the faces of my sons without a word. I did not weep, I had so turned to stone within me. They wept . . . Dante is now in that part of Hell where traitors are punished and sees Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggiero.In the struggle between the Ghibelline and Guelph factions that split Italy, Ugolino, a Ghibelline, conspired with Giovanni Visconti to raise the Guelphs to power. Three years later he plotted with Ruggiero, the head of the Ghibellines to rid Pisa of the Visconti. Ruggiero had other plans, and imprisoned Ugolino, together with his sons in a tower where they were left to starve to death. When the door was locked, the key was thrown in the river. Coote: â€Å"The cold-blooded traitor seeking his own advantage is the most anti-social of sinners, the destroyer of social order which – at least in its ideal form – was for Dante the work of God.To abuse it was a deadly offence. There is no sympathy here, no working for the common weal. One Page 23 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc form of spiritual death, Eliot is saying, is total and sterile selfishness. In political terms, this means the self-seeking of Ugolino and Coriolanus. † 417 Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus Another example of tragic selfishness. Coriolanus was so obsessed with his own honour and dignity that he went over to the enemies of Rome. All that was available to him there was selfdestructive violence. He is â€Å"broken† because his selfishness led to his death. 11 to 417 On the subject of our isolation from others, our lack of sympathy and hence our need to feel sympathy for others, Eliot quotes from F H Bradley's Appearance and Reality: â€Å"My external sensations are no less private to myself than are my thoughts and feelings. In either case my experience falls within my own circle, a circle closed on the outside; and, with all its elements alike, every sphere is opaque to the others which surround it . . . In brief, regarded as an existence which appears in a soul, the whole world for each is peculiar to that soul. 419 to 423 Damyata implies self-control, a restraint that you put upon desi re. Coote: â€Å"Eliot's interpretation is somewhat different. He takes a moment of one-ness while sailing and compares it to the wished-for unity of lover and beloved. Contented human passion is again the value most to be prized, but here control becomes not self-constraint but the feeling of order derived from a rightly conceived unity with one's beloved and the elements – the prosperous world of water and returned affection. â€Å"However, the moment of revelation and of possible potency is not complete and, as we shall see, is not final either.What the thunder urges on man is love, the free surrendering of self and the consequent spiritual and psychological health of the private and universal Waste Land redeemed. But such loss of self can neither be complete nor permanent. Mankind is obliged to return to his own closed circle of perception. The best he can hope for is a remembered glimpse of what has been or could have been experienced, and the Narrator is forced to rec all this in isolation. † I sat upon the shore Fishing, with the arid plain behind me Shall I at least set my lands in order? London bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina 428 Quando fiam uti chelidon – o swallow swallow 429 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie 430 These fragments I have shored against my ruins Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. 432 Datta. Dayadvam. Damyata Shanti shanti shanti 434 424 to 434 It is with this isolation that the poem ends. The protagonist has gone in search of the water of life and ends up fishing with the arid plains behind him. Williamson: â€Å"Having traveled the Grail road to no avail, he ends in the knowing but helpless state of the Fisher King.Now that the Thunder has spoken he is the Man with Three Staves – with three cardinal virtues that could be supports, that would ensure the rain. But awareness is not will, and so he thinks of preparing for death, with a questio n that recalls Isaiah 38:1: ‘Set thine house in order: for thou shalt die, and not live. ‘ This preparation involves some account of his fishing for life, of the fragments or ‘broken images' which he has shored against his ruins. This defines not only his predicament and state of mind, but the discoveries that are indicated in the poem.As partial quotations they are in fact ‘fragments' that have their full Page 24 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc meaning in other contexts; they summarise the ‘broken images' of truths left in the Waste Land. Even nursery rhymes may contain or hide terrible truths; so ‘London Bridge' presents an image of modern disintegration, of sinking into the river. † 428 Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli afina Purgatory, Canto 26: 142 to 148: Dante is here in the circle of the lustful who repented, and speaks to his old poetic mentor Guinizelli.Then he sees Arnaut Daniel, ‘il miglior fabbro' a be tter craftsman than Guinizelli, who says: ‘I am Arnaut, singing now through my tears regretfully recalling my past follies, and joyfully anticipating joy. I beg you in the name of that great power guiding you to the summit of the stairs: remember, in the good time, my suffering here. ‘ Then in the purifying flames he hid. Translated by Frank Musa (The last line is the one quoted in The Waste Land) Eliot says of these lines: â€Å"The souls in Purgatory suffer because they wish to suffer, for in purgation through suffering is their hope. † 29 Quando fiam uti chelidon When shall I be like the swallow? From the anonymous Latin poem Pervigilium Veneris (The Vigil of Venus) which, according to George Steiner, â€Å"was written in a darkening time, amid the breakdown of classical literacy. † The poet who knows that the Muses can perish by silence (perdidi musam tacendo), laments that his song is unheard and asks when spring will give it a voice, so that it can re turn like the swallow. 430 Le Prince d'Aquitaine a la tour abolie The Prince of Aquitaine has a ruined castle From the sonnet El Desdichado ( The Disinherited) by Gerard de Nerval.Southam: â€Å"The poet refers to himself in this sonnet as the disinherited prince, heir to the tradition of the French troubadour poets of Aquitaine in Southern France. One of the cards in the Tarot pack is the tower struck by lighting, symbolizing a lost tradition. † 432 Why then Ile fit you. Hieronymo's mad againe. The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is sub-titled Hieronymo's mad againe. Southam: Hieronymo is driven mad by the murder of his son. When he is asked to write a court entertainment, he replies. ‘Why then Ile fit you! meaning ‘Why then I'll produce something fitting for you! He arranges that his son's murderers are themselves killed in his little play, which was made up of poetry in ‘sundry languages', exactly as in The Waste Land. 434 Shanti shanti shanti In his notes Eliot says that this is the formal ending to an Upanishad. Page 25 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc The equivalent in the Anglican faith would be as in Phillipians 4, verse 7: And the peace of God which surpasses all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. Page 26 of 26 The Allusions in T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. doc